Specialized Module on Children & Climate Change

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Thangkhanlen Haokip

Environment

2 August 2017
S Thangkhanlen Haokip
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In Israel, desalinated water is a major source of drinking water. Previous studies have suggested that the levels of iodine in water provided by authorities may not accurately reflect the levels reaching end-users. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 21 tap water samples collected from different localities across Israel, 13 posttreated desalinated water samples from three of the largest Israeli desalination plants, and several natural water samples. An improved method of ICP-MS developed in our laboratory was used to analyze the content of iodine and other macro-elements, and determination of iodine was performed in alkaline media. Results: Our results showed that it is possible to distinguish between sample groups based on iodine concentration, water hardness, and Ca/Mg ratio. The median iodine concentrations for four groups of tap water samples ranged from 0.3 to 12.3 μg/L, which is lower than the concentrations previously reported by other researchers in Israel. Based on typical consumption, the water samples can provide no more than 3.39% of the recommended dietary allowance level for iodine. The analysis of post-treated desalinated water samples indicated that these waters comply with industrial specifications but contain only trace concentrations of iodine and much less magnesium than recommended by different public health authorities for public consumption of drinking water. Conclusion: The total iodine concentrations found were lower than several observations reported in previous years in the literature. There are currently no strict regulations regarding iodine and magnesium levels in drinking and/or softened (desalinated) water, but the intensive desalination plant application is already exhibiting a negative impact on public health. Further investigations are needed, but the present study provides useful insights for developing an effective policy to ensure adequate iodine supply for the population of Israel through drinking water.

Determination of Total Iodine using ICP-MS in Israeli Bottled and Tap Water: ...

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Water desalination has been extensively developed in Israel, particularly in the last decade. The desalination process provides fresh water that typically lacks minerals, and among these are ions that are essential to human health and/or to agricultural production, such as Mg. We analyzed 28 tap water samples originating from different cities across Israel to document their concentrations of Mg and other elements. The data from this survey (summer 2016) were compared with the results of similar observations conducted in 2008. Regarding toxic elements, tap water across Israel does not pose any health risk for consumers and may be used as drinking water without any household pretreatment. This condition has not changed since 2008. However, the problem of Mg deficiency due to the use of desalinated water was observed in about half of the sampling locations in 2016, whereas no Mg deficiency had been detected in 2008. Moreover, household filtration of tap water prior to consumption as drinking water may worsen the situation due to the Mg status resulting from rejection of this ion; this could be harmful to the consumer, particularly under prolonged exposure.

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LPlastic reuse stands as a pivotal strategy in the battle against environmental degradation. By giving plastic products a second chance, we significantly mitigate the burden on landfills and the natural world. This approach not only conserves resources but also diminishes the energy expended in the production of new plastics. Through creative reimagining and repurposing, we transform what might have been waste into valuable assets, from upcycled containers to innovative construction materials. Embracing plastic reuse not only reduces our reliance on virgin plastics but also fosters a culture of sustainability and resourcefulness, essential for building a more resilient and harmonious relationship with our planet.

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