This document discusses supply chain logistics and freight transport. It provides background on supply chains, defines logistics, and notes that over 60% of UK freight is carried by third-party logistics companies. It then discusses urban freight consolidation centres, which consolidate goods arriving by large trucks and deliver them in urban areas using low-emission vehicles, reducing pollution. The document summarizes the Bristol freight consolidation centre project, which currently services over 100 outlets in Bristol and Bath using electric vans.

1. Ordering and delivering
Dr Miriam Ricci
Centre for Transport & Society
Department of Geography and Environmental Management
UWE Bristol
miriam.ricci@uwe.ac.uk

2. Supply chain
(aka value chain, delivery chain)
“A coordinated system of organisations, people, activities,
information and resources involved in moving a product or
service in physical (or virtual) manner from supplier to
customer”
(Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport)

3. Hyunday vehicle supply chain
http://sourcemap.com/

4. Logistics
“Logistics is that part of supply chain management that plans,
creates and monitors the efficient, cost-effective flow and
storage of goods, semi-finished items and manufactured
products as well as related information between the point of
origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers'
requirements.” (Council of Supply Chain Management
Professionals, 2007)
Purpose of logistics:
To get the right goods/people/services
At the right time
In the right place
In the right quantity/conditions/price

6. The sector
• The UK logistics industry is worth over £74 bn to the UK economy
• Employs around 2.3 million people in over 196,000 companies
(Skills for Logistics, 2010)
• One in twelve working people in the UK works in logistics.
• Freight logistics companies either manage their own distribution
system (own account operators), or manage it on behalf of another
as ‘third-party logistics’ (3PL) or ‘hauliers’.
• Over 60% of UK freight is carried as 3PL.
• Industry dominated by a small group of large players and SMEs

7. Future trends
• Sustainability and carbon pricing
• Consumer preferences and CO2 labelling
• Multi-channel sourcing (‘brick & mortar’ and e-commerce)
• Technological change, ICTs
• Increased collaboration between competitors
• Changing growth patterns, importance of cities
• Increased demand for flexibility of the supply chain
• Partnerships between manufacturers and logistics providers
• Near shoring: bringing manufacturing closer to end users

8. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/transport-energy-and-environment-
statistics-2011
Freight transport accounts for 5% - 7% of total UK CO2 emissions

9. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/transport-energy-and-environment-
statistics-2011

10. http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/emissions/carbon_budgets/carbon_
budgets.aspx
Total surface transport emissions increased by 7% since 1990
Cars
Vans
HGVs

11. Over 65% goods moved by road

12. http://www.delivering-tomorrow.com

13. http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/road/doc/broch-road-transport_en.pdf

14. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-12-013/EN/KS-SF-12-013-
EN.PDF

15. http://www.fta.co.uk/
HDV emissions not regulated , unlike
LDV and cars
Voluntary programmes:
http://www.greenfreighteurope.eu
http://www.fta.co.uk/policy_and_co
mpliance/environment/logistics_car
bon_reduction_scheme/index.html

16. Consolidation Centres
(slides from Ms Daniela Paddeu, Doctoral researcher at
Cagliari University, IT)

17. Freight Transport in Urban Areas :
Negative externalities
• Environmental impact: polluting
emissions (CO, CO2, NOx, PM10)
• Social impacts : impacts of pollution
on public health, noise, visual
intrusion, reduction of pedestrian
safety (increase of accident)
• Economic impacts : more
congestion
• In sum: economic,
social and
environmental costs
of transport

18. Freight transport negative externalities
13,000 deaths among children aged 0-4 years in Europe can be
attributed every year to exposure to particulate matter (PM10)
[European Commission]
Only in London it is estimated to result in 4,300 premature deaths
per annum
[Transport for London , 2012]
Transport of London declared
that half of all cyclists fatalities in
London are due to accidents
involving freight vehicles
[Transport for London , 2012]
Noise pollution produces at
European level external costs for
45,644 million euro, of which over
the 88% is attributable to road
transport
[European Commission]

19. Emissions standard
Includes cold
start
g/km
NOx
g/km
PM10
g/km
PM2.5
g/km
CO
g/km
VOC
g/km
NH3
g/km
SO2
g/km
Benzene
g/km
NO2
g/km
CO2
g/km
Fuel
Petrol cars 0,370 0,003 0,003 4,992 0,397 0,043 0,003 0,019 0,004 210,7 67,2
Diesel cars 0,488 0,037 0,035 0,102 0,032 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,006 195,0 61,6
Petrol
LGVs 0,522 0,003 0,002 7,943 0,526 0,042 0,003 0,014 0,007 240,5 76,7
Diesel
LGVs 0,802 0,069 0,065 0,508 0,077 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,006 271,6 85,8
Rigid HGVs 4,508 0,081 0,077 0,988 0,169 0,003 0,003 0,004 0,030 736,4 232,7
Artic HGVs 7,417 0,126 0,120 1,373 0,206 0,003 0,004 0,003 0,030 933,7 295,1
Buses 7,634 0,110 0,104 1,172 0,218 0,003 0,004 0,009 0,030 957,7 302,7
M/cycle 0,236 0,017 0,016 12,204 1,096 0,002 0,002 0,041 0,002 116,1 37,0
[Please reference all data as provided by UK National Atmospheric Emission Inventory;(Table 3: Hot exhaust and cold start emission factors, by
vehicle type)]
1
20
Petrol cars
15
Diesel cars

20. Bristol NOx emission data
45% of NOx emissions (pollution) in Bristol is due to Goods
vehicles, 36% is due to cars and 19%
to buses.
Source : http://www.bristol.airqualitydata.com
Goods vehicles recorded inbound to the
centre = 13,888 (11,682 LGVs and 2,206
HGVs) working out as 13.3% of the total
number of inbound vehicles (104,802)

21. Possible interventions (1)
Access Regulation to urban
areas for goods vehicles
Retractable bollards

22. Possible interventions (2)
Last Mile Solutions DHL Packstation

23. Possible interventions (3)
Urban Freight Consolidation Centres
Goods arrive by HGVs, are unloaded, handled, sorted, stored, consolidated,
packed and sent to the last leg of the chain by low emissions vehicles in full loads

24. Urban Freight Consolidation Centre

25. Types of Freight Consolidation
Centres:
• Freight Consolidation Centres serving all
or part of an urban area (Bristol and
Bath)
• Freight Consolidation Centres serving
large sites with a single landlord
(Heathrow airport)
• Construction project UCC (London
Construction Consolidation Centre)

26. Who benefits from UFCC
Suppliers
• Time savings
• Number of vehicles reduced
 Money savings
Retailers
• Security of the delivery
• Less storage and more selling
space
• Set delivery time
• Additional services
• Just-in-time service
Citizens
• Reduction in pollution and noise
• Increase in pedestrian/cyclist
safety
 Increase in quality of life

27. Policy context

28. UFCC distribution in UK
1
3
5
4 2
6
8
7
1. Manchester Airport is served by
a consolidation centre in Bury
2. Heathrow Airport in London is
served by a consolidation centre
in Stockley Park
3. East Midlands Airport is served
by a consolidation centre at a
local warehousing facility
4. Bristol (serving Broadmead /
Cabot Circus shopping centre
and, in the more recent project
Renaissance, Bath city centre)
5. Sheffield (serving Meadowhall
shopping centre)
6. Snetterton in Norfolk (serving
Norwich city centre).
7. Brimsdown in Enfield (serving
Regent Street)
8. Greenhithe (serving Bluewater
shopping centre in Kent)
• UK alone accounts
for one-third of the
114 FCC schemes
started in Europe
from 1970.
• Most FCC schemes
in UK have been
trials
(Allen, J. et al., 2012)

29. Bristol freight consolidation centre
Projects overview
• 2002-2006 CIVITAS VIVALDI : the CC was located in Emerald
Park and was operated by EXEL LOGISTICS (53 outlets)
• 2006-2008 START : the CC was moved to Avonmouth and DHL
managed it (70 outlets)
• 2009-today CIVITAS RENAISSANCE : the CC is still located in
Avonmouth and managed by DHL. From 2011 the BCC makes
deliveries also to Bath, being the first one in UK serving more
than one city (106 outlets)

30. Bristol freight consolidation centre
The locations
2 1

31. Bristol freight consolidation centre
Stakeholders
• Bristol City Council
• Bath & North East Somerset Council
DHL
Retailers :
o 81 in Bristol
o 25 in Bath

32. Bristol freight consolidation centre
The vehicle • Two Smith Newton 9ton
electric vans
• Load factor of the electric
vehicles is 5ton ( equivalent to
8 pallet spaces or 15 cage
spaces)
• They are able to travel for 120
km (74.5 miles) per charge
with a maximum speed of 50
mph, but normally operate
between 20 and 40 mph
• Quiet vehicle: reduces noise,
but potential danger for
pedestrians

33. Bristol freight consolidation centre
Services offered
Deliveries
Storage
Recycling
Pre-retailing
Crisis stock management
Just-in-time service

37. Vehicle platooning
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45IRE8W_3L8

38. Thank you!