marine bioprospecting

1. Dr. T. CitarasuDr. T. Citarasu
Assistant ProfessorAssistant Professor
Tele-fax: + 91-4652-253078Tele-fax: + 91-4652-253078
Mobile: +91-9994273822Mobile: +91-9994273822
Email:Email: citarasu@gmail.comcitarasu@gmail.com
citarasu@msuniv.ac.incitarasu@msuniv.ac.in
Website:Website: www.msuniv.ac.inwww.msuniv.ac.in
www.drcitarasu.comwww.drcitarasu.com
MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY, TIRUNELVELIMANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY, TIRUNELVELI

3. Marine Ecosystem & Marine BiotechnologyMarine Ecosystem & Marine Biotechnology
Contribute to oxygen cycle & help to regulate the Earths’ climate
Ocean covers 70% of the earths’ surface & 80% of the organisms
living in aquatic ecosystem
Defined as “ Application of scientific & engineering principles to
the processing of materials by marine biological agents to prove
goods and services”.
Explore medicines, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, enzymes, industrial
products, bio fuels, foods, aquaculture etc.

4. 7516.6 km7516.6 km
News Courtesy :News Courtesy :
Daily Thanthi 23.02.2014Daily Thanthi 23.02.2014
Strengthen our marine biotechnology research…….Strengthen our marine biotechnology research…….
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
Department of Biotechnology (DBT)Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOES)Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOES)
Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEFS)Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEFS)
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)

5. MARINE BIO PROSPECTINGMARINE BIO PROSPECTING
Defined as “Searching for bio molecules from marine sources and the
search for new and unique bioactive components with potential
commercial applications”
Also include bioprocessing, bio harvesting, bioremediation using
bioreactors.
Technical details of Bio prospecting & drug development includes…Technical details of Bio prospecting & drug development includes…
Identification
Screening
Efficacy
Safety testing
Large scale commercial
production

6. Untapped reservoir of biologically active compounds, which leads to theUntapped reservoir of biologically active compounds, which leads to the
development ofdevelopment of new functional foodsnew functional foods with vast diverse ofwith vast diverse of novelnovel
chemicals.chemicals.

7. MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTSMARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS

8. The soft bodied and unmoved organisms
are under threat with predators &
environmental factors. They escape from
the predators they have to synthesize
molecules with diverse of structures with
potent biological activities.
Even though marine bio prospecting
started the past 50 years unfortunately
only few products available in the market
and most of them under clinical trials.
Most of them treated cancers,
inflammations and antimicrobials.
Difficulties in synthesis. Structures of
some compounds are extremely complex,
the synthesis, in many case, is not
feasible.

9. Secondary metabolitesSecondary metabolites
Produced after active growth has taken place & which perform noProduced after active growth has taken place & which perform no
vital function for the producing organismsvital function for the producing organisms
Interesting array of diverse and novel chemical structures with HighInteresting array of diverse and novel chemical structures with High
bioactivity potentialbioactivity potential
Heart of commercial venture & turn over -Heart of commercial venture & turn over - more than billion 100 $ / yrmore than billion 100 $ / yr
Non Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase (NRPS) & PolyketidesNon Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase (NRPS) & Polyketides
(PKS)(PKS)
Peptide secondary metabolites produced by bacteria & FungiPeptide secondary metabolites produced by bacteria & Fungi
NRPS / PKS system involved diverse of bimolecular secretionNRPS / PKS system involved diverse of bimolecular secretion
Independent of mRNA & Broad biological activitiesIndependent of mRNA & Broad biological activities

10. MNP RESOURCESMNP RESOURCES

11. MICROBIAL SOURCESMICROBIAL SOURCES
Microbial MetabolitesMicrobial Metabolites
Microbes from marine sources have a
rich potential of antimicrobial active
principles for protecting themselves
from their predators
Due to the rich potential bioactive
metabolites in the marine microbes, it
may be used as drugs directly or used
as lead structures for drug discovery
Nowadays the antibiotic resistance
and problems increased and
alternative discovery needed

13. Associated microbesAssociated microbes
Secondary metabolites produced with the association between
Sponges and bacteria
Obligatory mutualism (symbionts play an essential role in the
metabolism of their host), facultative mutualism (beneficial effect on
their host, but the host will survive without the symbiont) or
commensalism (they are present without providing obvious beneficial
effects to their host).
More than 30 different phyla of Bacteria and Archaea as being
associated with sponges.
However, less than 1% of these microorganisms can be cultivated in
laboratory conditions.
Bioactive metabolites originally isolated from sponges, were in fact
synthesized or transformed by bacterial strains.

14. Table. Sponge associated bacterial compounds and its bioactivitiesTable. Sponge associated bacterial compounds and its bioactivities
Compounds Activity Bacterial Sources Association
2-undecyl-4-
quinolone
Antimalarial
& anti-HIV
Pseudomonas sp. 1537-E7. Homophymia sp
3,6-
diisopropylpiperazin
-2,5-dione
Antimicrobial Pseudomonas sp. NJ6-3-1 Hymeniacidon perlevis
Andrimid Antibacterial Vibrio sp. M22-1 Hyatella sp.
2,4,4’-trichloro-2’-
hydroxy-
diphenylether
Antibacterial Micrococcus luteus
R-1588-10
Xestospongia sp.
Cyclo-(l-pro-l-phe) Antibacterial Alcaligenes faecalis A72 Stelletta tenuis
Iturin Antifungal Bacillus subtilis A202 Aplysina aerophoba
Manzamine A Antimalarial Micromonospora sp. Acanthostrongylophora
sp.
Surfactin, Iturin and
Fengycin
Antibacterial
antifungal
Bacillus subtilis A184 Aplysina aerophoba
Trisindoline Antibacterial Vibrio sp Hyrtios altum

15. Extremophilic OriginExtremophilic Origin
Psychrophiles, Thermopiles, Halophiles & AlkaliphilesPsychrophiles, Thermopiles, Halophiles & Alkaliphiles
Molecular BiologyMolecular Biology
Taq DNA Polymerase- Thermus aquaticus
Thermostable restriction enzymes–Pyrococcus sp
Agro & Food IndustryAgro & Food Industry
ThermophilicThermophilic amylases and cellulasesamylases and cellulases:: Bakery, glucose andBakery, glucose and
fructose productionfructose production
Freezing protectionFreezing protection Antifreeze proteinsAntifreeze proteins from psychrophilesfrom psychrophiles
Pharmacological IndustryPharmacological Industry
Biosurfactants:Biosurfactants: Glycolipids, lipopeptides, fatty acids,Glycolipids, lipopeptides, fatty acids,
polymeric surfactants & particulate naturespolymeric surfactants & particulate natures
Bacteriocin:Bacteriocin: Ptoteinaceous nature had antibiotic activityPtoteinaceous nature had antibiotic activity
Liposomes:Liposomes: phospholipids for vaccine deliveryphospholipids for vaccine delivery
Polyhydroxybutyrate:Polyhydroxybutyrate: BioplasticBioplastic

16. Actinomycetes OriginActinomycetes Origin
Actinomycetes are the intermediate group between bacteria and fungi having
high G+C (>55%) content in their DNA and abundantly present in the marine
sediment
Top most producers of antibiotics @ 70%
The important genera are Streptomyces sp, Nocardiopsis sp, Marinispora sp,
Salinispora sp and the culture- independent Dietzia sp and Rhodococcus sp
Major producers of antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, antitumor, anti-
inflammatory, anti-parasitic, antiviral, antifouling and anti-infective
compounds

17. Important Secondary Metabolites
Surfactin A Synthetase C (SRFA-C)Surfactin A Synthetase C (SRFA-C)

18. Fungal OriginFungal Origin
Widely distributed in deep sea to polar ice
covers, occur in sediments, dead organic
matter, driftwood, algae, corals and
sponges etc.
Huge potential for new natural products
and an increased number of new
metabolites have become known over the
past years.
In hydrothermal sea ecosystem,
unsuspected high diversity of fungal
species identified with novel secondary
metabolites recently
Vast source of diverse antimicrobial
compounds mostly inhibit Gram negative
bacterial pathogens, HIV virus and fungus

19. Table. Screening bioactive compounds from marine fungal strains (Mi-Hee et al., 2008).

20. Antiviral compounds
Asperxanthone
Asperbiphenyl
Aspergillus sp MF-93
TMV
Anti-protozoan compounds
VarixanthoneAscosalipyrrolidinone AAigialomycin D

21. Invertebrate ResourcesInvertebrate Resources
Group of animals have no backbone
In halobiotic environment, they have
special adaptations, metabolic
activities, secretions helps to produce
diverse of bioactive substances,
protecting from harsh environment.
Among the invertebrates poriferans,
cnidarians, annelids, arthropods,
molluscs and echinoderms have
attracted attention due to their
antiviral, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal,
antifungal, antihelminthic and
anticancer activities

22. PORIFERAPORIFERA
SpongesSponges
Most primitive metazoans (700-800 mill. yrs)
which appeared in the Cambrian period
Widely found in coastal platform to deep
waters
Sessile filter feeders with efficient defense
mechanisms against foreign attackers such
as viruses, bacteria or eukaryotic organisms.
Considered as gold mine during the past 50
years (> 10000 compounds)
Occasionally develop symbiotic relationship
with algae and microbes

23. Sponge derived CompoundsSponge derived Compounds
sesterpene
Fascaplysinopsis sp
Antibacterial
Topsentin
Spongosporites ruetzleri
Antibacterial
Anti-inflammatory
Colon cancer
2-(2’,4’-dibromophenoxy)-4,6-
dibromophenol
Dysidea granulosa
MRSA
Cyclodepsipeptides
Mirabamides A-D
Siliquariaspongia mirabilis
HIV

24. Bengamides & DerivativesBengamides & Derivatives
Fijian Sponge JaspidaeFijian Sponge Jaspidae
Antibiotic , anticancer &Antibiotic , anticancer &
AntihelminticAntihelmintic
Contigna sterolContigna sterol
Petrosia contianataPetrosia contianata
Curing AsthmaCuring Asthma
DBHDBH (Debromohymenialdisine)
Stylotella aurantiumStylotella aurantium
Antibiotic , anticancerAntibiotic , anticancer

25. COELENTERATESCOELENTERATES
Cnidarians are the richest natural sources of
prostaglandins
Jelly fish, sea nettle and sea anemones mostly
secreted toxins with mixture of enzymes and
polypeptides

26. Hydra, Jelly fish, coral & sea anemonesHydra, Jelly fish, coral & sea anemones
1. Pseudo pterosins1. Pseudo pterosins
Pseudopterogorgia elisabethaePseudopterogorgia elisabethae
Anti-inflamatoryAnti-inflamatory
2. Eleutherobin2. Eleutherobin
OctocoralOctocoral Eleutherobia spEleutherobia sp
Anti cancerAnti cancer
Ascidians derived CompoundsAscidians derived Compounds
1. Apilidine1. Apilidine
Mediterranian tunicateMediterranian tunicate Aplidium albicansAplidium albicans
anticanceranticancer
4. Ectein ascidin 7434. Ectein ascidin 743
Ecteinascidia turbinateEcteinascidia turbinate
Anti cancerAnti cancer

27. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
Crystal jelly fishCrystal jelly fish Aequorea victoriaAequorea victoria
238 amino acid (26.9 kDa)238 amino acid (26.9 kDa)
Molecular biology- Reporter geneMolecular biology- Reporter gene
expressionexpression
BiosensorsBiosensors
Clone in viral vectorClone in viral vector
protein localization in living organisms
Bacteria, Yeast and other Fungi, fish plant,
fly, and mammalian cells etc

28. Table. Most promising compounds from soft corals, Anthozoa

29. ANNELIDSANNELIDS
Of the approximately 9000 species
of annelids, more than 8000 are
polychaetes including lugworms, clam
worms, bristleworms, fire worms, palolo
worms, sea mice, featherduster worms, etc
They are found in most marine
environments from tidal zones to
hydrothermal vents
They has been found to treat several
pathophysiological conditions such as
arthritis, osteoporosis, bone cancer etc.

30. Arthritis
Oesteoporesis
Bone cancer
Antimicrobial
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Arenecins Hedistins
PeptidesAMP
Arenicola marina Perinereis aibuhitensis
Perinereis cultrifera

31. ARTHROPODSARTHROPODS
They having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented body, and
jointed appendages (paired appendages).
Several bioactive compounds have also been isolated from marine
arthropods including horseshoe crab, crab, krill and shrimps

32. Krill Oil and EnzymeKrill Oil and Enzyme ((Euphausia superba))
Tiny shrimp @ Whale foodTiny shrimp @ Whale food
Omega 3s, especiallyOmega 3s, especially EPA and DHAEPA and DHA
Heart disease, reduce high cholesterol, highHeart disease, reduce high cholesterol, high
blood pressure, stroke, cancer, osteoarthritis,blood pressure, stroke, cancer, osteoarthritis,
depressiondepression

33. Chitin, Chitoson & OilgomersChitin, Chitoson & Oilgomers
Shell waste with biomedicalShell waste with biomedical
applicationsapplications
Chitin aChitin a high molecular wt polymerhigh molecular wt polymer
N-acetyl-D-glucosamineN-acetyl-D-glucosamine
Chitoson-heteropolymerChitoson-heteropolymer
Reducing LDLReducing LDL
Antioxidants & anticancerAntioxidants & anticancer
ImmunostimulantsImmunostimulants
DNA Vaccine deliveryDNA Vaccine delivery
Biopesticide – AgriculturalBiopesticide – Agricultural
Shell wasteShell waste
WashWash
deprotenize- 3 % NaoHdeprotenize- 3 % NaoH
Alkali removal by water washAlkali removal by water wash
Demineralization-1.25 N HclDemineralization-1.25 N Hcl
WashWash
Dry and packageDry and package

35. Lectin
Triglycerides Limulin
Limulin
Carcinoscorpin
Thiol ester protein
Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Carotenoids
Lipids
Antibacterial
Anti cancer
Antioxidant
Antiproliferative
Antimutagenic
Antiinflamatory
immune response

36. MOLLUSCAMOLLUSCA
Largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named
marine organisms.
Snails, octopuses, squid, clams, scallops, oysters, and chitons.
These creatures have been important to humans throughout history as a
source of food, jewelry, tools, and even pets.

37. Molluscan derived CompoundsMolluscan derived Compounds
1. Dolastin1. Dolastin (Sea slug)(Sea slug)
Dolastin 10 &15Dolastin 10 &15
Dollabella auriculariaDollabella auricularia
Anticancer activityAnticancer activity
2. Kahalaide F2. Kahalaide F
Sea slugSea slug Elysia rufescensElysia rufescens
Induce apoptosisInduce apoptosis
3. Spisulosine3. Spisulosine
Arctic surf clamArctic surf clam Spisula polynymaSpisula polynyma
Anti proliferative & Anti cancerAnti proliferative & Anti cancer
4. Cadalmin Green mussel extract4. Cadalmin Green mussel extract
Perna viridis –Perna viridis –leukotrenesleukotrenes
Arthritis; Anti-inflamatoryArthritis; Anti-inflamatory
Known wt of tissue + water orKnown wt of tissue + water or
methanolmethanol
Chop & homoginize/ sonicateChop & homoginize/ sonicate
CentrifugeCentrifuge
Collect supernatantCollect supernatant
Further purification needFurther purification need
AssayAssay

38. commercially important marine
“archeogastropod” mollusk
Rich nutritional value, superior
taste, and various other benefits to
human health
Ginseng in the ocean- 25 vitamins
and minerals and is particularly
rich in selenium, magnesium and
B12
Abalone is favoured for its high
nutrient content that has
traditionally been used to support
eye health
AbaloneAbalone

39. ECHINODERMATAECHINODERMATA
The phylum contains about 7000 living species including sea stars, sea
urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as the sea lilies
Found at every ocean depth, from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone
The bioactive compounds mainly are saponins

40. Saponins
Sterol derivatives
Arpenoids
Glycoproteins
Cerebrosides
pyrimidine nucleaosides
Thymine deoxyriboside
Uracil deoxyribose
Polysaccharides
β- carotene
Hemolytic
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Antineoplastic
Antitumor
Antiviral
Anti HIV
Antiinflamatory
anti cancer
anti allergic
Holothuria fuscocinereaToxopneustes pileolus Lytechinus variegates Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

41. FISH AND OTHER VERTEBRATESFISH AND OTHER VERTEBRATES
Metabolites extracted from fish, sea
snakes and aquatic mammals are
scanty.
Fish oil, rich in omega-3 fatty acids,
useful for various remedies including
arthritis etc.
500 species of fish are considered
toxic (Tetradotoxin (TTX))
Squalamines, a water soluble
antibiotics from dogfish shark,
Squalus acanthias
An anticancerous drug, namely “Fu-
anntai”, from sea snake had anti-
cancerous effects

42. Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoicOmega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoicacid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA)acid (DHA)
Safety and potential nutritional andSafety and potential nutritional and
therapeutic effects.therapeutic effects.
Heart health, Liver tonic, antioxidant &Heart health, Liver tonic, antioxidant &
cure cancerscure cancers
Good for health, Good for EyeGood for health, Good for Eye
Anti stressAnti stress
Rich VitaminsRich Vitamins
Fish Oil (Cod Liver oil)Fish Oil (Cod Liver oil)
Fresh Livers without Gall bladderFresh Livers without Gall bladder
and veinsand veins
Wash & ChopWash & Chop
Steam cooking (70° C – 20 min)Steam cooking (70° C – 20 min)
Remove the floating oilRemove the floating oil
Filter & CentrifugeFilter & Centrifuge
Keep overnight with NaSoKeep overnight with NaSo44
Filter & storeFilter & store
Thermal rupture to release oilsThermal rupture to release oils

43. Steroids for fast growing !!!!! XXXSteroids for fast growing !!!!! XXX

44. Shark Fin Cartilages and RaysShark Fin Cartilages and Rays
Caudal, Dorsal & pectoral finsCaudal, Dorsal & pectoral fins
Known wt of dried finsKnown wt of dried fins
WashWash
cooking with acidified watercooking with acidified water
until hydrolyze to gelatinuntil hydrolyze to gelatin
Remove adhering muscleRemove adhering muscle
Dry in artificial dryerDry in artificial dryer
Grade and packGrade and pack
Shark Fin soupShark Fin soup
Boost sexual potencyBoost sexual potency
Enhance skin qualityEnhance skin quality
Prevent heart disease, lowerPrevent heart disease, lower
cholesterolcholesterol
Beneficial to lung & kidneyBeneficial to lung & kidney
Shark Bone cartilageShark Bone cartilage
Prevent variety of illnessPrevent variety of illness
AngiogenesisAngiogenesis
Prevent CancerPrevent Cancer

45. Shark cartilage has long been valued by traditional herbalists in China,
where it has been consumed for centuries as shark fin soup.
Shark cartilage contains mucopolysaccharides, a family of complex
carbohydrates including the now well-known chondroitin sulfate.
It is an excellent source of calcium and phosphorus.
Some Shark cartilage based products available in marketSome Shark cartilage based products available in market

46. Fish GelatinFish Gelatin
Epinephelus sp, Rastrelliger sp etc
Elasticity, consistency & stability ofElasticity, consistency & stability of
the productsthe products
Acid extractionAcid extraction
Washed skin soaked with 0.2 %Washed skin soaked with 0.2 %
NaOHNaOH
WashWash
0.2 % H0.2 % H22SoSo44 + 1% citric acid+ 1% citric acid
Coldwater washColdwater wash
DHDH22o incubation @ 45° C-18hro incubation @ 45° C-18hr
FilterFilter
DryDry

47. Fish BoneFish Bone
60-70 % of inorganic substances & rich in60-70 % of inorganic substances & rich in
calciumcalcium
Essential elements for human healthEssential elements for human health
Solve the problems related to boneSolve the problems related to bone
CollagenCollagen
Structural protein in connective tissueStructural protein in connective tissue
Cosmetic, biomedical, pharmaceutical,Cosmetic, biomedical, pharmaceutical,
leather and film industriesleather and film industries
Alkaline and acid extractionAlkaline and acid extraction
Fish Bone and CollagenFish Bone and Collagen

48. ALGAL NATURAL PRODUCTSALGAL NATURAL PRODUCTS
Algae have a tremendous impact on the
sustainability of the marine ecosystem
as being the primary producers and,
therefore, a food source for other marine
organisms.
microalgae synthesize bioactive
molecules such as pigments and lipids
that exhibit health properties.
Types of AlgaeTypes of Algae
Seaweed: Macro; benthic & muticellularSeaweed: Macro; benthic & muticellular
algaealgae
Microalgae: Diverse group of unicellular;Microalgae: Diverse group of unicellular;
occupy fresh, marine & extremeoccupy fresh, marine & extreme
environmentsenvironments

49. Carotenoids-Carotenoids- Powerful antioxidantsPowerful antioxidants
Beta caroteneBeta carotene
AlgoteneAlgotene
AxtaxanthinAxtaxanthin
Dunaliella salinaDunaliella salina
MICRO ALGAL PRODUCTSMICRO ALGAL PRODUCTS

50. Algae produce oxygen in spaceAlgae produce oxygen in space
Chlorella and Euglena grown in
photobioreactor is used to produce oxygen in
the space for the Astronauts using their waste
and help them for long term expedition in space
NASA and many other space research station
in the world open opportunities for
planktologist
Algal BioplasticsAlgal Bioplastics
TTypically, long chain polymers, present in the
algae lipids are used for making bioplastics
Algae is attractive for bioplastics because of
its high growth rate and high protein content.
The plastics market is worth more than $400
billion and has grown at an average of 3.5% per
year over the last two decades.

51. Algal Biogas ProductionAlgal Biogas Production
In a biogas reactor the substrates used are converted in several reaction
steps into biogas, consisting mainly of the components CH4 and CO2
The biogas yield of plants is generally limited by the greater or lesser
proportion of lignocellulose, which is difficult to recycle.
However, the use of microalgae with a low lignocellulose content, for
example Chlorella vulgaris, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Spirulina
platensis, permits an almost complete utilization of the organic substance.
.

52. ALGAL OIL PRODUCTIONALGAL OIL PRODUCTION
Storing the Sun’s Energy
(Photosynthesis)
What is needed Storage of Energy
Sunlight Lipids and oils
CO2 Carbohydrates
Nutrients

53. How to produce more oils ?How to produce more oils ?
The lipid content of an algae species can be increased by imposing a stress
factor, such as starving of nitrogen or silicon.
In this manner, lipid fractions up to 70-85% have been reported for nitrogen
starvation and 60% for silicon starvation

54. Health aspect of algal oilsHealth aspect of algal oils
The oil extracted from
Crypthecodinium cohnii contains 40-
50% DHA useful for infant formula
Schizochytrium produce algal oil
known as DHA Gold for use as an
adult dietary supplement in food and
beverages as well as animal feeds
(OmegaTech (USA)).
Other applications include food for
pregnant and nursing women and for
cardiovascular health

55. SEAWEED PRODUCTSSEAWEED PRODUCTS
Bioactivity Seaweeds Compounds
Antioxidant Cymopolia barbata Cymopol
Avrainvillea longicaulis Avrainvilleol
Halimeda opuntia Polyphenols
Undaria pinnatifida Fucoxanthin
Anti-inflammatory Laureafincia claviformis Pacifenol
Stypopodium flabelliforme Styfotriol
Undaria pinnatifida Fucoidon
Anticancer Gracilaria corticata Polysaccharides
Gracilaria tenuistipitata
Plocamium telfairiae
Capsosiphon fulvescens
Sargassum oligocystum

56. AlginateAlginate
polyuronic saccharaidepolyuronic saccharaide
Laminaria and FucusLaminaria and Fucus
D- mannuronic and L-galuronic acidD- mannuronic and L-galuronic acid
Emulsifier in food industriesEmulsifier in food industries
Sargassum & Gracilaria spSargassum & Gracilaria sp
Fresh seaweed washed & DriedFresh seaweed washed & Dried
Pulverize to get powderPulverize to get powder
Treat with 1N HCl (pH 2-3)-ONTreat with 1N HCl (pH 2-3)-ON
Wash with water & add NaWash with water & add Na22CoCo33
Filter & bleach with 2.5 % NaCloFilter & bleach with 2.5 % NaClo
Evaporate @ 60° CEvaporate @ 60° C
Pure sodium alginatePure sodium alginate

57. CarrageenanCarrageenan
Isolated from sea weedsIsolated from sea weeds
Sulfated polysaccharidesSulfated polysaccharides
Powerful antioxidantsPowerful antioxidants
Broad range of applications inBroad range of applications in
food and cosmeticsfood and cosmetics

58. Fucoidon (Fucoidon (Foo–Koy–Den))
Sulfonated polysaccharidesSulfonated polysaccharides
Antioxidants & immunostimulantsAntioxidants & immunostimulants
Brown sea weedsBrown sea weeds
Blood purifierBlood purifier
Reduced CholesterolReduced Cholesterol
Fight off viral infectionsFight off viral infections
Scavenge free radicalsScavenge free radicals
Liver tonicLiver tonic
AnticancerAnticancer

59. Sea LettucesSea Lettuces
Genus Ulva, a group of edible green algae that is widely distributed along
the coasts of the world's oceans.
Food source for humans in Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland, China,
and Japan
Used as salads and cooked in soups.
High in protein, soluble dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals, especially iron.

60. Cadalmin Green Algal extractCadalmin Green Algal extract
Cadalmin Green Algal extract contains a
unique blend of 100% natural marine
bioactive anti-inflammatory ingredients
extracted from selected seaweeds or marine
macro algae with a patented ecofriendly
“green” technology .
The product is effective to combat arthritic
pain and inflammatory diseases in human
beings
Patients suffering with chronic joint pain and
arthritis clinical trial-based studies revealed
that more than 98% of the respondents were
satisfied with the product with about 70-85%
relief in joint pain and arthritis

61. METAGENOMICSMETAGENOMICS
Defined as “Culture independent analysis of a mixture of microbial
genomes using an approach based either on expression or sequencing”
(Schloss and Handlesmann, 2005)

62. Approaches in metagenomicsApproaches in metagenomics

64. 64
16S ribosomal RNA analysis of
microbial communities
16S rRNA genes have been
amplified, cloned and
sequenced from thousands of
distinct environmental niches,
but these surveys routinely
continue to identify unique new
bacterial and archaeal taxa.

65. CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE DIRECTIONSCONCLUSIONS & FUTURE DIRECTIONS

66. Current medications haveCurrent medications have severe drawbackssevere drawbacks, and to the scientific, and to the scientific
appraisal of marine-based remedies that might beappraisal of marine-based remedies that might be safer, cheaper,safer, cheaper,
and less toxicand less toxic for self-medication than existing prescriptionfor self-medication than existing prescription
medicines.medicines.
Marine derived pharmaceuticals provide aMarine derived pharmaceuticals provide a novel and rich source ofnovel and rich source of
chemical diversitychemical diversity that can contribute to design and developmentthat can contribute to design and development
of new and potentially useful pharmaceutical agents.of new and potentially useful pharmaceutical agents.
Develop novel screening technologies:Develop novel screening technologies: Genomic and metagenomicGenomic and metagenomic
approachapproach
A proactiveA proactive interaction between researchers, the pharmaceuticalinteraction between researchers, the pharmaceutical
marine biotechmarine biotech sector and government regulating agencies issector and government regulating agencies is
crucial to the incorporation of this challengingcrucial to the incorporation of this challenging new tool in clinicalnew tool in clinical
medicine.medicine.

67. THANKTHANK