Howard Gardner first presented his Theory of Multiple Intelligences in 1983 in his book Frames of Mind, proposing that there are eight different types of intelligences. These include linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist intelligences. Gardner argued that people have different levels of these multiple intelligences and learn in various ways depending on their strengths, such as through language, music, physical movement, social interactions, introspection, or natural patterns. The theory challenged the traditional idea of intelligence being only a single general mental ability.

1. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

2. The Theory of Multiple Intelligences was first presented in
1983 by Howard Gardner, a psychologist, when he published
his book Frames of Mind. He declared that learning occurred
through many types of intelligences, and that people had
various levels of each.
Multiple intelligences refers to a theory describing the
different ways students learn and acquire information. These
multiple intelligences range from the use of words, numbers,
pictures and music, to the importance of social interactions,
introspection, physical movement and being in tune with
nature.

3. Types of
Multiple
Intelligences
1.Linguistic
2.Musical
3.Logical
4.Bodily-
kinesthetic
5.Interpersonal
6.Intrapersonal
7.Naturalistic
8.Musical

4. Linguistic: linguistic people have the ability to grasp and
communicate concepts by means of words and symbols.
• verbal skill; ability to use language well
• verbal persuasion
• writing a term paper skillfully
When we look at teachers, writers, public speakers, newscasters,
and actors, we usually see people with a high degree of verbal-
linguistic intelligence. This type of intelligence enables people to
master the use of words, both verbally and in written form.

5. Musical: musical people have the ability to perceive,
interpret, transform and express oneself through various
musical forms
• ability to create and understand music
• singing, playing a musical instrument
• composing a tune
According to Gardner, people who possess a high degree of
musical intelligence have good thinking in rhythms, sounds, or
patterns. Therefore, a person with higher musical-rhythmic
intelligence can be a good musician, conductor, composer,
singer, etc.

6. Logical: have the ability to effectively use numbers and recognize
patterns
• logical skill; ability to reason, often using mathematics
• solving mathematical problems easily and accurately
• developing and testing hypotheses
Some people can solve complex math problems in minutes or
even seconds, whereas; others find it hard to grasp them even
after spending a long time pondering how they work. A high
degree of logical-mathematical intelligence makes it possible for
some people to be good at logical and mathematical skills,
ranging from scientists to mathematicians and accountants

7. Spatial: have the capacity to observe and process information
through the aspects of color, line, shape, form, figure and
space.
• ability to imagine and manipulate the arrangement of
objects in the environment
• completing a difficult jigsaw puzzle
• assembling a complex appliance (e.g. a bicycle)
People who possess better visual-spatial intelligence can
visualize objects better, such as images, illustrations, maps,
charts, videos, and the like. A few examples of suitable
professions for such people might include working as an
architect, photographer, interior designer, etc.

8. Bodily kinesthetic: have the ability to perform activities which
require strength, speed, dexterity, hand-eye coordination and
balance.
• Dancing
• gymnastics
Farmers, mechanics, carpenters, dancers, and athletes possess
good hand-eye coordination and agility. According to
Gardner’s model, such people have high bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence.

9. Interpersonal: have the ability to understand and easily relate
with others.
• ability to discern others' nonverbal feelings and thoughts
• sensing when to be tactful
• sensing a “subtext” or implied message in a person's
statements
People with good interpersonal intelligence are proficient at
coaching, customer service, mental health counseling, sales,
etc. This type of intelligence enables better public dealing, as
these people can better evaluate other people’s emotions,
moods, desires, and motivations.

10. Intrapersonal: have the ability to understand and regulate one’s
own emotions and behavior through introspection.
• sensitivity to one's own thoughts and feelings
• noticing complex of ambivalent feelings in oneself
• identifying true motives for an action in oneself
People with better intrapersonal intelligence like to better
understand and evaluate their own emotions, motivations, and
relationship with others. Someone with a high degree of
intelligence can be a good author, philosopher, or entrepreneur.
Better intrapersonal intelligence leads to introspection. Self-
evaluation can enable people to explore their philosophical side
and explore things from a lens that gives them depth in
understanding things.

11. Naturalist: the ability to recognize and classify the relationships
between various species within the environment
• sensitivity to subtle differences and patterns found in the
natural environment
• identifying examples of species of plants or animals
• noticing relationships among species and natural processes in
the environment
Biologists, gardeners, farmers, animal trainers, and geologists have
an in-depth understanding of nature. These people have real
intelligence that allows them to be in tune with nature and the
natural world.

12. REFERENCES
https://educationaltechnology.net/theory-of-multiple-
intelligences-gardner/
https://tophat.com/glossary/m/multiple-intelligences/
https://www.growthengineering.co.uk/multiple-intelligences/
https://slidemodel.com/gardners-theory-8-multiple-intelligences/
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple
intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (2003, April 21). Multiple intelligences after twenty
years. Paper presented at the American Educational Research
Association, Chicago, IL.