This is an Group Presentation. This Slideshare presentation was made by "MUHAMMAD ASHIR MORSHED PIAL" . He is a student of SUST, Dept. of Geography & Environment.

1. HUMAN AND
ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUE

2. GROUP MEMBERS
SABBIR HASAN
KHAYRUN NAHAR ZOMA
KAMRUZZAMAN ROKEY
TANVIR RASHED
MUHAMMAD ASHIR MORSHED PIAL

3. ......Content......
1) INTRODUCTION
2) GIS APPLICATIONS
3) GIS USERS
4) JUSTIFYING THE INVESTMENT IN GIS
5) CHOOSING AND IMPLEMENTING A GIS
6) ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES DUE TO GIS

4. Introduction

5. What is GIS ?
In short: “computerized mapping software”
Formal definition:
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computerized database management
system for capture, storage, retrieval, manipulation, analysis and display of spatial

6. GIS APPLICATIONS

7. Applications of GIS
• Corporate GIS applications.
• Multi-depertmant GIS applications.
• Independant GIS applications.
• Business applications of GIS.

8. Corporate Application of GIS
Corporate GIS is developed across an entire organization. GIS is usually
implemented using a ‘top-down’ approach to promote data sharing,
reduce data duplication and create a more informed decision-making
environment. Corporate GIS is appropriate for a utility company where
all departments – customer support, maintenance, research and
development, logistics, sales and marketing could benefit from the
sharing of data and access to GIS. Local government agencies also
benefit from corporate GIS since all departments work within the same
geographical area.

9. • Benefits
1. All the users in the organization have access to shared, complete, accurate,
high quality and up-to-date data.
2. All the users have access to shared technology and people with expertise.
3. Iproves the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization as a whole.
4. Corporate database reduces redundant collection and storage of
information across the organization.
5. By centralizing resources and efforts, it reduces the overall cost.

10. Who may use Corporate GIS applications?
A corporate GIS is recommended for anyone from local governments to global
governmental organizations.

11. Multi-department GIS Applications
Multi-department GIS involves collaboration between different parts
of an organization. Multi-department GIS may be appropriate in a
retail organization. GIS is implemented in a number of related
departments who recognize the need to share resources such as data
and the benefits of working together to secure investment for a
system.

12. Independent GIS Applications
Independent GIS exists in a single department and the GIS will
serve the host department’s needs. These systems can be adopted
quickly and are generally task specific. In a telecommunications
company an independent GIS may be used to assist the siting of
masts for a mobile phone network.

13. Business Applications of GIS
OPERATIONAL
APPLICATIONS
MANAGEMENT/
TACTICAL
APPLICATIONS
STRATEGIC
APPLICATIONS
Business
Applications
Operational GIS applications are concerned with
managing facilities and assets.
Management (or tactical) GIS applications are
concerned with distributing resources to gain
competitive advantage.
Strategic GIS applications are concerned with the
creation and implementation of an organization’s
strategic business plan.

14. GIS USERS

15. User of GIS
Before GIS adoption and implementation it is important to consider just
who the users of a GIS will be.
e users of a GIS will be.

19. There are some questions about justifying the investment
in GIS. They are:
• What will be the benefits of introducing a GIS?
• How will GIS help to improve the organization’s effectiveness?
• What will be the costs of the new GIS?
• Will the expected benefits outweigh the anticipated costs?

20. Cost–benefit analysis
One of the most frequently used methodologies at this stage of a
GIS implementation is cost–benefit analysis. The method involves
a thorough assessment of all the costs and benefits expected in
association with a new project.

21. The point on the cost–benefit graph where the cost and benefit
lines cross is known as the break-even point.

22. The results of cost–benefit analysis can also be expressed as a payback
period (in years) where:
Payback period
total cost of investment = ––––––––––––––––––––
Eestimated annual revenue
In GIS projects cost–benefit analysis can be used to justify a project in
its entirety from the outset, or to compare the costs and benefits
associated with differing GIS solutions or products.

25. Once the users of a GIS application have been identified
and a business case for development established, the
organization must choose and implement a system.

26. Four of the most commonly used types of method for information
system design are given below:
1. Structured systems methods: Identify the location of the properties an
estate agent has for sale is an example of structured problem.

27. 2. Soft systems methods: Choosing a neighbourhood in which to live is an
example of un structured problem. Soft system is a method by which we
can identify unstructured problem.
3. Participative methods: ETHICS (effective technical and human
implementation of computer-based systems) is a participative
information systems design methodology. The method aims to develop
systems that will improve the job satisfaction of those who use them, and
thus improve system use and acceptance. All those affected by the
system – users, managers, customers and suppliers – are involved in the
design process.

28. 4. Hybrid method: MULTIVIEW is a hybrid design methodology, incorporating
ideas from soft systems analysis and data analysis techniques. A number of
different perspectives of system development are taken to allow the
incorporation of broader human issues as well as technical issues into
the system design process

29. A problematic implementation
of GIS
Problems identified on the story :
1. The failure of the system might have been due to incomplete specification
of requirements.
2. the system had not been designed from the ‘people outwards’ a
user-centred approach had not been adopted.

30. It’s time to solve the problems..........
Eason is the man who identified those problems also suggested a
solution.
And Eason advocated a user-centred approach to help avoid these
problems, and suggests that users should be involved in user-needs
surveys, benchmarking and pilot studies to help select an appropriate
system.

31. User-centred
GIS implementation
• A user-centred approach to GIS implementation involves all users
from the outset in any decision making related to the GIS. Involving
users help to:
1. Specify functionality requirements;
2. Ensure user commitment and cooperation;
3. Identify areas where organizational change may be required; and
4. Limit resistance from individuals to any new system

32. To help selecting an appropriate system, users should be involved in:
1.User-needs surveys
2.Benchmarking
3.Pilot studies

33. 1.User-needs surveys
Clear articulation of user needs (through a user-needs survey or a
user-requirements analysis) is essential to assist the development of
an appropriate list of requirements for a GIS.
2. Benchmarking
Benchmarking is a technique often employed to help with the
decision about which software package to select.

34. 3.Pilot systems
A pilot project or system may be defined as the limited-term use
of GIS, using data for a small geographical area to test the
planned application and demonstrate the capabilities.

35. Organizational Changes Due To GIS
The introduction of a GIS is not simply a matter of choosing the
product, ordering the equipment and getting it running, but a complex
interplay of technical and human and organizational factors that may
reflect change and uncertainty. During and after implementation there
are likely to be considerable organizational changes due to the
introduction of a GIS. Different users and stakeholders will be
affected in different ways.

36. THE END
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