This document provides an overview of the components and functions of blood. It discusses that blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and deliver oxygen to tissues. White blood cells help protect against infection. Platelets help form clots to stop bleeding. Plasma transports these components. The document also examines blood disorders like sickle cell anemia and types of anemia caused by blood loss, bone marrow problems, or vitamin deficiencies.

1. By- Roqqaiya Mufti
Department of Biochemistry
VBSPU,jaunpur

2. Blood :-introduction
THE FLUID CIRCULATING THROUGH OUT THE
BODY
Carrier of carbon dioxide and oxygen to and from the
lung
Carries nourishment to the tisue.
And take away waste product s to kidney.
Blood makes up about 7_8% body weight,which
amounts to about 5 liters in adult human.

3. Componentsofblood
The blood circulating is reffered to as ‘WHOLE
BLOOD’.
 whole blood is made up of several different components
each with specific applications.
 The blood can be consider to be a specialized tissue
composed of many different kinds of cellular matrix
component such as the red blood cell, white blood cell,
platelets and plasma.

6. What are red cells?
Red cells or erythrocyte constitute the majority of cells
in the blood. Approximately a quarter of the cell in the
human body are red blood cell.
Why red in color?
These cells’ cytoplasm is rich in hemoglobin an iron
containing biomolecules that can bind oxygen and is
responsible for the blood’s red color.

9. FUNCTION:
Travel throughout the body, deliver oxygen to tissue
and remove carbon dioxide to lungs.
This role of the red cells is essential to prevent damage
to organs.
The hemoglobin in the cell is an excellent acid base
buffer, so are responsible for most of the acid _ base
buffering power of whole blood.

10. What are platelets?
Platelets or thrombocytes are colorless, irregularly
shaped bodies found in blood.

11. FUNCTIONS
The primary role of platelets is to prevent bleeding in
injured blood vessels walls by forming an aggregate at
the site of injury
Platelets can also be participate in blood coagulation,
inflammation and wound healing.

12. What are white cells?
White blood cells or leucocytes cells travel throughout
the body and protect against bacteria and viruses.
There are different types of white blood cells
(granulocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes)
The lymphocytes help with immune defense.
White blood cells can also carry so many viruses and
bacteria.
They occur outside the blood as well in the spleen,
liver and lymph node.

13. What is plasma?
Plasma is a protein-salt solutions that acts as a
transportation medium for the other blood
components.
The red cells, white cells and the platelets are
suspended in the plasma.
Plasma is straw colored clear liquid that is 90% water.

15. FUNCTION
The plasma is the cell free fluid matrix of the blood
,which is obtained after centrifugation of
anticoagulant treated blood.
Plasma helps with clotting, fighting
infection,maintaing blood pressure and immunity. in
addition, it contain minerals(e.g. sodium and
potassium)

16. What is coagulation?
 COAGULATION is a complex process by which blood from
clots.
 Blood must be remain fluid with in the vasculature and yet
clot quickly when expose to no endothelial surface at a site
of vascular injury.
 It is an important part of HEMOSTASIS(the cessation of
blood loss from a damaged vessel),where in a damaged
blood vessel wall is covered by a platelets and fibrin
containing clot to sop bleeding and begin repair of the
damage vessel.
 Disorder of coagulation can lead to an increased risk of
bleeding(hemorrhage) or clotting(thrombosis).

18. CLOTTING
FACTORS

19. CLOTTING
MECHANISM

20. Presence of antigen on
erythrocytes

21. Bloodrelateddisorder
ANEMIA:
Sickle cell disease(SCD) also known as sickle cell
anemia(SCA),means defiency of hemoglobin in the
blood.
Normally our blood cell are round and flexible they
move easily through blood vessel. In sickle cell anemia,
the RBCs become rigid and sticky and are shaped like
sickle . These irregularly shaped cell can get stuck in
small blood vessel ,and slows down the or block blood
flow.

22. Types of anemia
1. BLOOD LOSS ANEMIA:
After rapid hemorrhage the body replace the fluid
portion of plasma into 3 days, but this leaves a low
concentration of red blood cell.if a second
hemorrhage does not occur the red blood
concentration usually returns to normal within3-6
weeks. Inchronic blood loss a person frequently
canot absorb enough iron from the intestine to form
hemoglobin as rapidly it lost

23. 2- APLASTIC ANEMIA:
Bone marrow aplasia means lack of functioning bone
marrow. Peaople with severaplastia usually dies unless
treated with blood transfusion,which can temporarily
increase the number of red blood cell, or by bone
marrow.
Occur due to high dose of radiation or chemotherapy
for cancer treatment can damage stem cell or high dose
of certain chemicals such as insecticides or benzene in
gasoline.

24. 3-MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA:
Loss of vitamin B12 , folic acid can lead to slow
reproduction of erythrocytes in the bone marrow .As a
result the red cell grow too large ,with odd shape ,and
are called megaloblasts.