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Inclusive_Cultural_Empathy 2009
- 1. Dr. Paul Pedersen Dept of Psychology, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI Saturday, February 7, 2009 Argosy University, DC Campus, Washington DC
- 2. Title Counseling provides a model for successful global leadership through inclusive cultural empathy
- 3. THE FOCUS OF COUNSELING Western focus on the separated individual Asian focus on the individual in a context of relationships
- 4. CONVERGENT VRS DIVERGENT EMPHASIS (I) : The conventional description of empathy begins convergently with the broad picture and then narrows the focus to the individual, like a pyramid upside down
- 5. CONVERGENT VRS DIVERGENT EMPHASIS (II): The inclusive version of empathy moves divergently from the individual person toward inclusion of all culture teachers like a pyramid pointed side up
- 6. CONVENTIONAL “CONVERGENT” EMPATHY PYRAMID Conventional and Western based “convergent” empathy The contextual and cultural background The individual
- 7. INCLUSIVE “DIVERGENT” CULTURAL EMPATHY PYRAMID Inclusive and Asian based “divergent” or inclusive cultural empathy The contextual and cultural background The individual
- 9. THE INCLUSIVE PERSPECTIVE Multiculturalism needs to look at non- Western as well as Western models The history of counseling goes back thousands of years Multicultural counseling is a global resource. Counseling is two-directional including both pain and pleasure outcomes The emphasis on similarities and differences at the same time
- 10. THE EXCLUSIVE PERSPECTIVE Egocentricity of the self The mind/body dualism The view of culture as a perspective imposed on knowable biological reality
- 11. THE CHINESE INDIGENOUS MODEL Focus on interaction Build on relationships Follow the natural patterns of family as a model Maintain a balance
- 12. YANG’S SEVEN “NO’ S” Not accept Western models uncritically Not overlook the importance of Western models Not reject indigenous concepts Not to be captured by Western research Not to be too abstract Not to think only in the English language Not to politicize research
- 13. YANG’S TEN “YES’S” (I) Tolerate ambiguity Be a “typical” Chinese Consider the social context Understand the behavior before changing it Emphasize psychology in studying the Chinese
- 14. YANG’S TEN “YES’S” (II) Know the behavior in its natural setting Balance both the specific context and the natural processes Know the Chinese intellectual tradition Balance the traditional and modern Include the ancient and contemporary
- 15. INDIVIDUALISTIC PSYCHOLOGY “KILLER” ATTITUDES (I) Consumption produces happiness Don’t worry about the future Short term goals are best Growth is good Get as much as you can
- 16. INDIVIDUALISTIC PSYCHOLOGY “KILLER” ATTITUDES (II) Keep the price of energy low If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it We don’t need to change until scientific proof is found Science will find a new solution in time
- 18. CULTURALLY LEARNED PATTERNS Cultural patterns were prepared for us before we were born We inherited these “rules” from our parents and teachers We learned that our rules were not the only ones in the world
- 19. AN EXCLUSIVE MODEL OF COUNSELING SERVICES In Western cultures self-interest both is and “ought to be” The theory of self interest leads to individualistic norms
- 20. AN INCLUSIVE MODEL OF COUNSELING SERVICES Formal Non-formal Informal 1 Office-scheduled therapy 4 Mental health training 7 Mental health presentation 2 Community mental health 5 Support groups friends 8 Family & service 3 Professional advice 6 Self-help groups 9 Daily encounter Method Context Formal Non- formal Inform
- 21. INCLUSIVE PRINCIPLES OF UNDERSTANDING Emphasize both similarities and differences at the same time Consider both within-group and between-group differences
- 23. Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) Each theory has a different world view Emphasis in complex totality and dynamic change Cultural identity shapes perspective Expand the range of alternatives for counselors Many culturally different alternatives Expand personal, organizational, group and family orientation
- 24. OBJECTIONS TO MULTICULTURALISM (I) It competes with other theories It leads to political correctness It is post-modern Good counseling is universal There are no defining standard
- 25. OBJECTIONS TO MULTICULTURALISM (II) No measures of competence Too complex More research is needed Not all groups are included yet Reverse racism
- 26. INTERPERSONAL CULTURAL GRID BEHAVIOR OR ACTION EXPECTATION SAME/ POSITIVE DIFFERENT/ NEGATIVE SAME/ POSITIVE I II DIFFERENT / NEGATIVE III IV
- 27. APPLICATION OF THE CULTURAL GRID Best friends have shared/similar positive expectations Best friends behave quite differently
- 28. CONCLUSION Awareness Knowledge and Skill Accurate awareness of cultural assumptions Meaningful understanding of cultural knowledge Appropriate application of cultural skill