Pneumatic Drives-Hydraulic Drives-Mechanical Drives-Electrical Drives-D.C. Servo Motors, Stepper Motors, A.C. Servo Motors-Salient Features, Applications and Comparison of all these Drives, End Effectors-Grippers-Mechanical Grippers, Pneumatic and Hydraulic- Grippers, Magnetic Grippers, Vacuum Grippers; Two Fingered and Three Fingered Grippers; Internal Grippers and External Grippers; Selection and Design Considerations.
1. UNIT II
ROBOT DRIVE SYSTEMS AND END
EFFECTORS
Mr. TAMIL SELVAN M, A/P, MECH, KIT.
2.
3. Capacity to move robot’s body, arm and wrist
Determine speed of the arm movements,
strength of the robot & dynamic performance
Type of applications that the robot can
accomplish
Powered by four types of drive systems:
1. Hydraulic
2. Pneumatic
3. Electric
4. Mechanical
5. 5
1. Hydraulic Drive
Associated with large robot
Provide greater speed & strength
Add floor space
Leakage of oil
Provide either rotational or linear motions
Applications such as:
• Spray coating robot
• Heavy part loading robot
• Material handling robot
• Translatory motions in cartesian robot
• Gripper mechanism
Drive Systems..
6. Hydraulic Actuators
An actuator wherein hydraulic energy is used to
impart motion is called an hydraulic actuator
Basic element of an oil Hydraulic power supply
8. Pumps
• Is driven by an electric motor or an I.C engine
• Fluid pressures generated by pumps used in
heavy equipment. (e.g., large industrial
machines and construction equipment)
• Classification of pumps
1. Hydrodynamic or non positive displacement
pumps
2. Hydrostatic or positive displacement pumps
A) Gear Pumps B) Vane pumps C) Piston pumps
11. Pressure Regulator
• Is a pressure relief valve.
• Provided in positive
displacement pump
• To prevent the pressure
from exceeding design
limits.
12. Hydraulic Valves
• Are mechanical devices used for controlling
hydraulic parameters in hydraulic systems.
Classification of valves
1. Infinite position valves
It allows any position between fully open and
closed to modulate flow pressure.
Also called analog position valves.
2. Finite position valves
Has discrete positions, usually just opened and
closed, each providing a different pressure and
flow condition.
13. Other classifications:
I. Based on the method of controlling the flow medium :
1. Seating – Ball, plate, cone.
2. Spool type :
Sliding spool valve
Rotary spool valve
II. Based on function and hydraulic quantity controlled :
1. Pressure control valve – to control pressure of flow
medium.
2. Flow control valve – to control quantity of flow
medium.
3. Direction control valve – to control direction of flow
medium.
Hydraulic Valves…
15. Linear Actuators
• A fluid power hydraulic cylinder – is a linear
actuator.
• Converting fluid energy to an output force in a
linear direction for performing work.
• E.g., machine tools, earth moving equipment,
construction equipment and space applications.
Hydraulic cylinder consists of - movable element , a piston and
a piston rod operating within a cylinder bore.
Types of cylinders
1. According to function performed
2. According to construction
3. Special types
19. Rotary Actuators
• Are the hydraulic pneumatic equivalents of
electric motors, for a given torque, or power, a
rotary converter :
– Is more compact
– Cannot be damaged
– Can be safely used in an explosive atmosphere.
20. Hydraulic Motors
• Is a rotary actuator – Hydraulic energy is
converted into mechanical energy in the form
of rotary motion and torque.
Rotary actuator symbols :
21. • Classification of Hydraulic Motors
• Gear Motors
• Vane Motors
• Piston Motors
– Radial Type
– Axial Type
Hydraulic Motors
22. Drive Systems..
2. Pneumatic Drive
Introduction
Reserved for smaller robot
Limited to “pick-and-place” operations with fast cycles
Drift under load as air is compressible
Provide either rotational or linear motions
Simple and low cost components
Used to open and close gripper
Special Features of Pneumatic Actuators
Better heat transfer capability
High fatigue life
Simple in construction
High reliability
Light weight Cont.
22
25. Pneumatic valves
Direction control valves
– 1. Two way valve
– 2. Three way valve
– 3. Four way valve
– 4. Five way valve
Pneumatic check valve
Flow control valve
Pneumatic shuttle valve or OR type valve
AND type or Two – pressure valve
Quick exhaust valve
Time delay valve
27. Linear and Rotary Actuators
Linear Actuators – Pneumatic cylinders
1. Single acting cylinder
2. Double acting cylinder
3. Tandem cylinder
4. Three position cylinder
5. Through rod cylinder
6. Adjustable stroke
cylinder
7. Telescoping cylinder
28. Rotary actuators – Air motors
Air motors
To generate rotational motion in a
pneumatic system
Provides very high rotational speeds
Types of Air motors
1. Piston type motors
2. Vane motors
3. Turbine motors
4. Gerotor type motors
31. 2004 31
3. Electric drive
• Slower movement compare to the hydraulic
robots
• Good for small and medium size robots
• Better positioning accuracy and repeatability
• Stepper motor drive: open loop control
• DC motor drive: closed loop control
• Cleaner environment
• The most used type of drive in industry
36. 4. Mechanical drives
• When the various driving methods like hydraulic,
pneumatic, electrical servo motors and stepping
motors are used in robots, it is necessary to get the
motion in linear or rotary fashion.
• When motors are used, rotary motion is converted to
linear motion through rack and pinion gearing, lead
screws, worm gearing or bail screws.
37. Mechanical drives
Rack and Pinion Movement:
• The pinion is in mesh with rack (gear of infinite
radius). If the rack is fixed, the pinion will rotate.
• The rotary motion of the pinion will be converted to
linear motion of the carriage.
38. Ball Screws:
• Sometimes lead screws rotate to drive the nut along
a track. But simple lead screws cause friction and
wear, causing positional inaccuracy.
• Therefore ball bearing screws are used in robots as
they have low friction. The balls roll between the nut
and the screw.
• A cage is provided for recirculation of the balls. The
rolling friction of the ball enhances transmission
efficiency to about 90%.
39. Gear Trains:
• Gear trains use spur, helical and worm
gearing. A reduction of speed, change of
torque and angular velocity are possible.
• Positional errors are caused due to backlash in
the gears.
40. Moments and Forces
• There are many forces acting about a robot
• Correct selection of servo - determined by required torque
• Moments = Force x Distance
• Moments = Load and robot arm
• Total moment calculation
• Factor of safety- 20%
41. Actuators
Actuators – Converts some form of energy to mechanical work .
Motors - Control the movement of a robot.
Identified as Actuators there are three common types
• DC Motor
• Stepper Motor
• Servo motor
Servo
motor
42. DC MOTORS
• Most common and cheapest
• Powered with two wires from source
• Draws large amounts of current
• Cannot be wired straight from a Peripheral Interface Controller
• Does not offer accuracy or speed control
43. STEPPER MOTORS
• Stepper has many electromagnets
• Stepper controlled by sequential
turning on and off of magnets
• Each pulse moves another step,
providing a step angle
• Example shows a step angle of 90°
• Poor control with a large angle
• Better step angle achieved with the
toothed disc
48. • 3.6 degree step angle => 100 steps per revolution
• 25 teeth, 4 step= 1 tooth => 100 steps for 25teeth
• Controlled using output Blocks on a PIC
• Correct sequence essential
• Reverse sequence - reverse motor
DISADVANTAGES
• Low efficiency - Motor draws substantial power regardless of load.
• Torque drops rapidly with speed (torque is the inverse of speed).
• Low accuracy.
• No feedback to indicate missed steps.
• Low torque to inertia ratio. Cannot accelerate loads very rapidly.
• Motor gets very hot in high performance configurations.
• Motor is audibly very noisy at moderate to high speeds.
• Low output power for size and weight.
Stepper Motor
49. Servo Motors
• Servo offers smoothest control
• Rotate to a specific point
• Offer good torque and control
• Ideal for powering robot arms etc.
• Degree of revolution is limited
• Uses Encoders for feedback
• Not suitable for applications which require
continuous rotation
50. Servo motors Operation
• Pulse Width Modulation (0.75ms to 2.25ms)
• Pulse Width takes servo from 0° to 150° rotation
• Continuous stream every 20ms
• Pulse width and output pin must be set to the controller
• Pulse width can also be expressed as a variable
51. Open and Closed Loop Control
All control systems contain three elements:
(i) The control
(ii) Current Amplifiers
(iii) Servo Motors
• The control is the Brain - reads instruction
• Current amplifier receives orders from brain and sends
required signal to the motor
• Signal sent depends on the whether Open or Closed loop
control is used.
52. Open Loop Control
For Open Loop Control:
• The controller is told where the output device needs to be
• Once the controller sends the signal to motor it does not
receive feedback to known if it has reached desired position
• Open loop much cheaper than closed loop but less accurate
53. Closed Loop Control
• Provided feedback to the control unit telling it the actual
position of the motor.
• This actual position is found using an encoder.
• The actual position is compared to the desired.
• Position is changed if necessary
54. The Encoder
• Encoders give the control unit information as to the actual
position of the motor.
• Light shines through a slotted disc, the light sensor counts
the speed and number of breaks in the light.
• Allows for the calculation of speed, direction and distance
travelled.
55. End Effectors
Correct name for the “Hand” that is attached to the end of
robot.
• Used for grasping, drilling, painting, welding, etc.
• Different end effectors allow for a standard robot to
perform numerous operations.
• Two different types - Grippers & Tools
End Effector
56.
57. End Effectors
Tools: Tools are used where a specific operation needs
to be carried out such as welding, painting drilling
etc. - the tool is attached to the mounting plate.
Grippers: mechanical, magnetic and pneumatic.
Mechanical:
• Two fingered most common, also multi-fingered available
• Applies force that causes enough friction between object to
allow for it to be lifted
• Not suitable for some objects which may be delicate / brittle
58. End Effectors
Magnetic:
•Ferrous materials required
•Electro and permanent magnets used
Pneumatic:
•Suction cups from plastic or rubber
•Smooth even surface required
•Weight & size of object determines size and number of cups
59. Hydraulic :
• It has the potential to provide very high
holding forces but its limitation is risk of oil
leaks
Various types of Gripper mechanisms
• Pivoting movement
• Linear or translational movement
60. Linkage actuation
• This is the most popular mechanical gripper for industrial
robots. It can be designed for limited shapes of an object,
especially cylindrical work piece.
• If actuators that produce linear movement are used, like
pneumatic piston- cylinders, the device contains a pair of
slider-crank mechanisms.
• When the piston 1 is pushed by pneumatic pressure to the
right, the elements in the cranks 2 and 3, rotate counter
clockwise .
• These rotations make the grasping action at the extended
end of the crank elements 2 and 3.
61.
62. Cam actuation
• The cam actuated gripper
includes a variety of
possible designs, one of
which is shown.
• A cam and follower
arrangement, often using a
spring-loaded follower, can
provide the opening and
closing action of the gripper.
• The advantage of this
arrangement is that the
spring action would
accommodate different
sized objects.
63. Screw actuation
• The screw is turned by a
motor, usually
accompanied by a speed
reduction mechanism.
• Due to the rotation of the
screw, the threaded block
moves, causing the
opening and dosing of the
fingers depending on the
direction of rotation of the
screw.
64. Rack and pinion actuation
• The rack gear would be
attached to a piston or
some other mechanism
that would provide a
linear motion
• Movement of the rack
would drive two partial
pinion gears, and these
would in turn open and
close the fingers.
65. Magnetic grippers
• Magnetic grippers are used extensively on ferrous materials. In
general, magnetic grippers offer the following advantages in
robotic handling operations
• Variations in part size can be tolerated
• Pickup times are very fast
• They have ability to handle metal parts with holes
• Only one surface is required for gripping
• Magnetic grippers can use either electromagnets or permanent
magnets. Electromagnetic grippers are easier to control, but
require a source of dc power and an appropriate controller.
66. Cont…
• Permanent magnets do not
require an external power
and hence they can be used
in hazardous and explosive
environments, because there
is no danger of sparks which
might cause ignition in such
environments.
67. Vacuum grippers
• It also called as suction
cups, can be used as gripper
device for handling certain
type of objects and it made
up of with rubber and soft
plastic.
• The usual requirements on
the objects to be handled are
that they be flat, smooth,
and clean.
68. Adhesive grippers
• It uses adhesive substance to grasping action on fabrics and
light weight materials.
• One of the potential limitation of an adhesive gripper is that
the adhesive substance loses its tackiness on repeated usage.
• To overcome the limitation, the adhesive material is loaded in
the form of a continuous ribbon into a feeding mechanism that
is attached to the robot wrist.
69. Hooks, scoops and other
miscellaneous devices
• Hooks can be used to handle containers of parts and to load
and unload parts hanging from overhead conveyors.
• Scoops can be used to handle certain materials in liquid or
powder form.