cognition, reasoning and decision making, problem solving ability and creative thinking, executive functioning and information processing

1. Cognition
Syeda Nayab Zahra Bokhari
Riphah Institute of Clinical and Professional Psychology

2. Content
۞ Definitions and Types
ѻ Cognition
۞ Development of Cognitive Psychology
۞ Domains
ѻ Cognitive processes
ѻ Reasoning and decision making
ѻ Problem solving and creative thinking
ѻ Information processing
ѻ Executive functioning
ѻ Multitasking
۞ Anatomy
۞ Disorders and Distortions
۞ Cognitive Barriers and Load
۞ References

3. Cognition
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Perceiving
Judging
Reasoning
Learning
Evaluating
Remembering
Obtain
Transform
Store
Retrieve
Use

4. Cognitive Psychology
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5. Domains of Cognition

6. Cognitive Development
IMPORTANCE:
 Cognitive development provides children with
the means of paying attention to thinking about
the world around them.
 Cognitive development encompasses a child’s
working memory, attention, as well as a child’s
ability to manage and respond to the experiences
and information they experience on a daily basis.
 Cognitive development can be compared to a
child’s air traffic control tower – taking in
information and processing it on a daily basis with
intent and purpose.

8. Cognitive Processes
Attention
Perception
Memory
Language
Learning
Higher
Reasoning

9. Reasoning and Decision Making
Reasoning is the
process of forming
conclusions,
judgments, or
inferences from facts or
premises.
Decision-making involves
the selection of a course
of action from among two
or more possible
alternatives in order to
arrive at a solution for a
given problem.

10. Types of Reasoning

11. ‘Wh’ questions

12. Process of Decision Making

13. Problem Solving and Creative
Thinking


14. Creative Thinking
Is the thinking we do when we generate ideas.
Pose questions
Imagine possibilities
Brain Storming Solutions
Elaborate
Improvise
Chase Inspirations
Speculate
Use Intuition
Defer judgments

16. Information Processing
• Input processes are concerned with the analysis
of the stimuli.
• Storage processes cover everything that
happens to stimuli internally in the brain and can
include coding and manipulation of the stimuli.
• Output processes are responsible for preparing
an appropriate response to a stimulus.

18. Executive Functioning
• The executive functions
all serve a "command and
control" function
• They can be viewed as
the "conductor" of all
cognitive skills.
• Executive functions help
you manage life tasks of
all types.

20. Multitasking
Multitasking as a condition in which
cognitive processes belonging to two
or more tasks overlap in time
• Rapid task-switching
‫۝‬ There’s a delay when you switch from one
thing to another, and sometimes a temporary
drop in performance.
‫۝‬ An hour spent on one thing followed by an
hour on another is fine. The task-switching cost
is much less than the time you’re spending on
each task. But if you’re switching tasks every
few minutes, or every few seconds, the
cognitive cost of switching from one task to the
other interferes with performance.

22. Brain Anatomy۞ Cognition
ѻ Frontal lobe
ѻ Parietal lobe
ѻ Occipital lobe
ѻ Temporal lobe
ѻ Brain stem
ѻ Cerebellum
۞ Reasoning
ѻ Prefrontal Cortex
۞ Decision making
 Hippocampus
 Amygdala
 Prefrontal Cortex
۞ Information Processing = Parietal Lobe
۞ Executive Functioning
ѻ Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
ѻ Anterior Cingulate Cortex
ѻ Orbitofrontal cortex
۞ Problem solving + Creative Thinking + Multitasking
 Frontal lobe

23. Disorders
∆ Cognitive disorders
∆ Alzheimer's disease
∆ Stress
∆ Major Depressive Disorder
∆ Depression
∆ Anxiety
∆ Mania
∆ Schizophrenia

24. Distortions
All or Nothing Thinking
Over Generalization
Jumping to conclusions
Labeling
Personalization or Blame
Mental Filter
Magnification
Minimization

25. Cognitive Barriers and Load
USER
Cognitive Barriers Cognitive Load
Amount of steps
Amount of time
Complexity of steps
Amount of choices
Amount of thought needed
Confusion in choice

26. Tips and Tricks

27. References
• https://news.stanford.edu/features/2015/decisions/disease-state.html
• https://www.google.com/search?q=cognitive+processes&sxsrf=ALeKk02gpd3LogvqQ9Wn1mwL7
Cgg_9Kq8g:1589634055273&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnwL-
puLjpAhUZA2MBHbmjCP8Q_AUoAXoECA4QAw&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=iVElaLZUsSqqRM
• https://www.google.com/search?q=decision+making&sxsrf=ALeKk00m3yn3ERZGVTuog5K-
VFZtQd6edg:1589634084724&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjPjcW3uLjpAhUPlx
QKHfP4B4UQ_AUoAXoECBAQAw&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=Vr6va_01SaVMRM
• https://www.umassd.edu/fycm/decision-making/process/
• https://www.dictionary.com/browse/reasoning
• https://www.simplypsychology.org/information-processing.html
• http://www.ldonline.org/article/29122/
• https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2010/04/multitasking-splits-brain#
• https://theconversation.com/the-science-of-multitasking-and-why-you-should-doodle-in-class-
101425
• https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00426-018-0970-2
• https://www.wpri.com/rhode-show/homelife/the-importance-of-cognitive-development/