2. INTRODUCTION
• Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that is caused by abnormalities or a lesion in parts of the brain that control muscle
movements.
• Appears in infancy or early childhood
• It could affect one, two, three, or all four limbs can be involved.
• Monoplegia
• Hemiplegia
• Diplegia
• Quadriplegia
What is Cerebral Palsy?
3. INTRODUCTION CONT.
• Muscular spasticity
• Causing movements to be stiff and jerky
• Athetosis
• Uncoordinated movements of the voluntary muscles
• Ataxia
• Poor balance and affects the walking gait
• Combined
• Spasticity and athetosis or ataxia and athetosis
Types of cerebral palsy
4. INTRODUCTION CONT.
• Cerebral palsy is the most common motor disability in childhood
• About 1 in 323 children have been identified with cerebral palsy (CP).
• 58.2% of children could walk independently. 30.6% had limited to no walking ability.
11.3% could walk using a hand-held mobility device (2008).
• Birth defects of the central nervous system (brain) were found to be more common
among children with cerebral palsy than among those without it.
5. BACKGROUND
• Cerebral palsy was first researched by Dr. William John Little.
• Sir William Olser wrote the first book on cerebral palsy
• Dr. Sigmund Freud proposed the idea that cerebral palsy might result from
abnormal fetal development.
• In the 1980s, medical researchers proved Dr. Freud’s theory that cerebral palsy can
happen before birth.
• Cerebral palsy can also be caused by birth injuries.
6. BACKGROUND CONT.
• Muscle weakness is a primary impairment in children with cerebral palsy
• Children with cerebral palsy
• Are weaker
• Have less endurance
• Display reduced physical activity levels
• Children with cerebral palsy (CP) experience motor impairments, as well as deficits in
other domains, which impact on their ability to move, solve problems, communicate,
and socialize.
7. BACKGROUND CONT.
• Kids with CP are entitled to participate in educational programs from age 3 till they
either graduate from high school or reach their 21st birthday under Part B of the
IDEA 2004 law Per the U.S. Department of Education
• Preschool children under the age of 3 are eligible for special education programs
under IDEA 2004’s Part C.
8. ANALYSIS
• 2003: the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) Section on Pediatrics
determined that there was a critical need to identify and promote effective physical
fitness for children with cerebral palsy.
• Muscle weakness and cardiorespiratory endurance are primary issues for children
with cerebral palsy.
• Muscle strength training is the area of physical fitness that has received the most
attention.
9. ANALYSIS CONT.
• Limited research has indicated that children with CP display low levels of cardiorespiratory
fitness, as evidenced by a reduced peak V̇O2 or a higher submaximal energy demand of
walking.
• Reduced cardiorespiratory fitness may contribute to poor general health.
• Children with CP have difficulty performing purposeful and efficient physical movements for
many reasons. (Fowler, Kolobe, Damiano, Thorpe 2007).
• including weakness
• abnormal muscle coactivation
• involuntary movement
• poor selective voluntary motor control
• spasticity,
• contractures
• decreased balance
10. • Swimming and aquatic exercise has been recognized as a part of
comprehensive physical activity programs for people with cerebral palsy
(Humberman 1976).
• A combined program of aquatic and gymnasium based physical activity is
likely to improve the cardiorespiratory fitness of children with cerebral palsy
• It is strongly recommended that aquatic exercise sessions should be included
in programs for children with cerebral palsy. (Hutzler, Chacham, Bergman
1998)
ANALYSIS CONT.
12. CONCLUSION
• Promote and maintain physical fitness in children with cerebral palsy to improve
health, reduce secondary conditions, and enhance quality of life.
• It is strongly recommended that aquatic exercise sessions should be included in
programs for children with cerebral palsy.
• Involvement in active- physical and skill-based activities is diminished compared
with other leisure activity types, a phenomenon reported in children with a wide
range of physical disabilities
13. REFERENCES
• Majnemer, A., Shevell, M., Law, M., Birnbaum, R., Chilingaryan, G., Rosenbaum, P., & Poulin,
C. (2008). Participation and enjoyment of leisure activities in school-aged children with
cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine And Child Neurology,50(10), 751-758.
doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03068.x
• Fowler, E. G., Kolobe, T. H., Damiano, D. L., Thorpe, D. E., Morgan, D. W., Brunstrom, J. E., & ...
Stevenson, R. D. (2007). Promotion of physical fitness and prevention of secondary
conditions for children with cerebral palsy: section on pediatrics research summit
proceedings. Physical Therapy, 87(11), 1495-1510.
• Hutzler, Y., Chacham, A., Bergman, U., & Szeinberg, A. (1998). Effects of a movement and
swimming program on vital capacity and water orientation skills of children with cerebral
palsy. Developmental Medicine And Child Neurology, 40(3), 176-181.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015, July 31). Data and Statistics | Cerebral
Palsy | NCBDDD | CDC. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/cp/data.html
• The History of Cerebral Palsy | Birth Injury Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.birthinjuryguide.org/cerebral-palsy/history/
