The East Kolkata Wetlands were recognized in 2002 as a Ramsar site of international significance. They cover 125 square kilometers and include salt marshes, meadows, sewage farms, and settling ponds that are used to treat Kolkata's sewage through natural processes. However, the wetlands are now highly threatened due to urbanization putting the important ecosystem services they provide at risk.

2. EAST KOLKATA WETLAND

3. EAST KOLKATA WETLAND

4. IN THE YEAR 2002 EAST KOLKATA WETLANDS HAS BEEN
RECOGNIZED AS WETLAND OF INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE
(RAMSAR SITE NO. 1208) TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF
"WISE USE". IN THE PAST IT WAS RICH OF WILDERNESS AND WAS
WELL-KNOWN FOR ITS RICH FLORAL & FAUNAL DIVERSITY. TODAY
THIS VALUABLE NATURAL ASSET IS HIGHLY THREATENED DUE TO
THEPHENOMENON OFURBANIZATION.

5. • THE EAST CALCUTTA WETLANDS, ALSO KNOWN AS THE EAST KOLKATA
WETLANDS (22 0 27’ N 88 0 27’ E), ARE A COMPLEX OF NATURAL AND HUMAN-
MADE WETLANDS LYING EAST OF THE CITY OF KOLKATA, WEST BENGAL IN INDIA.
• THE WETLANDS COVER 125 SQUARE KILOMETERS, AND INCLUDE SALT MARSHES
AND SALT MEADOWS, AS WELL AS SEWAGE FARMS AND SETTLING PONDS.
• THE WETLANDS ARE USED TO TREAT KOLKATA'S SEWAGE, AND THE NUTRIENTS
CONTAINED IN THE WASTE WATER SUSTAIN FISH FARMS AND AGRICULTURE.

6. FLORA
• 30 GENERA OF PHYTOPLANKTON, 1) MYXOPHYCEAE, 2)
CHOLOPHYCEAE, 3) BACILLIARIOPHYCEAE, COINED 11,12,7
GENERAS.
• FROM DIFFERENT AREA 96 SPECIES OF VASCULAR PLANT WERE
FOUND WHICH MAINLY GROWS IN WETLANDS & BANK REGION
THIS SPECIES WERE UNDER 79 GENERA, 38 FAMILY.
• VASCULAR PLANTS COINED 62 SPECIES UNDER 53 GENERA & 25
FAMILIES OF DICOTYLEDON, 31 SPECIES UNDER 23 GENERA & 10
FAMILY OF MONOCOTYLEDON & ONLY 3 SPECIES UNDER
PTERIDOPHYTES. ALL TOTAL PLANTS ARE 55 SPECIES UNDER 41
GENERA & 26 FAMILY.

7. PHYTOPLANKTONIC DIVERSITY
MYXOPHYCEAE CHLOROPHYCEAE BACILLARIOPHYC
EAE
Anabaena Sp. Closterium Sp. Navicula Sp.
Agmenellum
Sp.
Tetraedron Sp. Nitzschia Sp.
Microcystis Sp. Cosmarium Sp. Fragillaria Sp.
Spirulina Sp. Euglena Sp. Diatoma Sp.
Oscillatoria Sp. Chlorella Sp. Synedre Sp.

8. EUGLENA ANABAENA DIATOM

9. SOME MEDICINALPLANTFOUND IN EKW
BOTANICAL NAME USED PART USED AS
Canna indica L. Root, Rhizome &
Scape leaf
Narve Tonic, Skin
Disease, Asthma, Cardio
Tonic.
Centella asiatica Leaf Leprocy, Dropcy
Colocasia
esculenta L.
Petiole Styptic, Astringent.
Eclipta prostrata Leaf and Whole part Jaundice, Hair-tonic, anti-
inflametory, skin disease.
Hygrophila schulli Whole Plant Caugh, Anaemia,
Flatulence,Dysentry.

10. ECLIPTA CANNAINDICA COLOCASIA

11. FAUNA
• THE PLANKTONIC DIVERSITY STUDY REVEALS 17 SPECIES OF
ZOOPLANKTONS, WHICH ARE COMMONLY FOUND.
• 3 CLADOCERAN SPECIES ARE COMMON TO FRESH WATER AND NOT
FOUND IN THE SEWAGE FED FISHERIES.
• 5 ROTIFER SPECIES ARE COMMON TO SEWAGE FED FISHERIES.
• 4 ORDER OF AQUATIC INSECT ARE BELONGING IN EKW VIZ.
HEMIPTERA, COLEPTERA, ODANATA AND DIPTERA.
• THIS AREA IS ALSO WELKNOWN FOR MIGRATORY BIRDS.

12. CLADOCERAN ROTIFERZOOPLANKTON

13. MIGRATORY BIRDS OF EKW

14. INSECT FISH* AMPHIBIA REPTILIA BIRDS
CULTUREDFISH
Gerris spinolae Catla catla Rana tigrina Naja naja naja Dinopium
Ranatra
elongata
Labeo
rohita
Rana
hexadactyla
Naja kaonthia Megalaima
zyelanica
Eanatra varips Cirrhinus
mrigala
Rana
limnocharis
Amphiesma
stlata
Upupa epose
WILDFISH
Berosus
indicus
Heteroneustes
fossilis
Bufo
melanostictus
Calotes
versicolor
Ceryle rudis
Canthydrus
laetabilis
Anabas
testudineus
Enhdris
entrydris
Columba livia
Eretes stictius Mystus
vittatus
Dendrelaphis
tristis
Passer
domesticus
*SOME OF THE FISH SPECIES OF EKW ARE TOXIC ACCORDING TO ZSI (SOURSE:
www.moef.nic.in)

15. GERRISSPINOLAE CIRRHINUS ANABAS

16. RANATIGRINA CALOTESVERSICOLOR DINOPIUM

18. BIOREMIDIATION:-
 PURIFICATION OF BHERI:
• BY A SEAWING CHANNEL WATER COMES TO THE BHERI. WHERE THE
SUSPENDED AND CORE SUSPENDED METERIAL IS REDUCED. THE DEPTH OD
THE BHERI IS 50-150 CM.
• NOW WATER TREATED WITH ALKALI AND LIME WHICH MAIMTAIN ALKALINE PH
WHICH MUST TO REDUCE COLIFORM COUNT.
• NOW THE WATER RICH IN ORGANIC CONTENT WILL BE
MANUALLY EROTED & O2 CONCENTRATION GET HIGHER.
• NOW SUNLIGHT RICH TILL BOTTOM THROUGH AND THROUGH
EROTION AND PLANKTON GROWS.

19.  SEWAGE WATER TREATMENT:
• PLANKTONS ARE ALLOWED TO GROW FOR INDEFINIT TIME, BEFORE REACHING THE
PLANKTON BLOOM THE FISHES RELEASE WHICH FED UPON THE PRIMARY
PLANKTON.
• AGAIN THE NO. OF PHYTOPLANKTONS ARE GROWING AND FISH RELEASE WHICH
FED ZOOPLANKTON AS WELL AS PHYTOPLANKTON.
• THE ENTIRE ORGANIC MATTER WHICH CAME WITH RAW SEWAGE WAS CONSUMED
BY PLANKTON AND PLANKTONS ARE FURTHER CONSUMED BY FISHES.
• IN COMPARE TO RAW SEWAGE WITH BHERI AFETR TREATMENT 90-96% COLIFORM
COUNT ARE DECREASES.
• THERE IS LARGE DECREASE IN METAL
CONTENT.

20. • DURING BIOREMEDIATION FISHES ARE GROWN. WHICH IS ONE THIRED,
SOURSE OF FISH REQUIRED IN THE MARKETS OF KOLKATA.

21. • AFTER TERATED THE RAW SEWAGE, WATER OF BHARI USED FOR IRRIGATION
PURPOSE TO THE ADJOINING AREAS OF THE BHARI.
• EACH BHARI HAS ITS SURROUNDING FIELS.
• IT IS NOT WATER WHICH IS USED, AFTER EVERY ROUND OF CULTIVATION
BHARI IS NEED TO DRY. THE SILT IS DEPOSITED AT THE BOTTOM WHICH IS
ABSOLUTELY FERTILE SPREAD ON THE SURROUNDING FIELDS.
• AND DEPTH OF THE BHARI IS MAINTAINED.
• A MEJOR PORTION OF VEGETABLE PRODUCE
WHICH IS REQUIRED BY ENTIRE CITY.

22. THREATS'

23. • THIS WETLAND WORK AS A FREE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT OF KOLKATA
CITY, A FERTILE AQUATIC GARDEN AND, MOST IMPORTANTLY A FLOOD
DEFENCE – BUT IT IS UNDER THREAT FROM DEVELOPERS. 91.53 HECTARE
AREA URBANIZED.

24. • TTHEFT IS A MAJOR PROBLEM OF FISHERY. THE FISHES PRODUCE IN THE
FISHERY IT WAS STOLEN. SO THE OWNERS OF FISHERY FACED A HUGE
DAMAGE.

25. • DHAPA IS A DUMPING SITE NEAREST TO THE EKW. JUST BESIDE THE
IRRIGATION FIELD A GARBAGE MOUNTAIN IS STANDING.

27. • IT IS ONE OF THE BEST INTEGRATED RESOURCE
RECOVERY IN THE WORLD.
• NOT ONLY SEWAGE TREATMENT, FISHERY, IRRIGATION,
IT GENERATE LOTS OF HUMAN RESOURCE IN TERMS OF
EMPLOYMENT ALONG WITH ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
PREVENTION.
• THIS IS THE BOON OF CITY KOLKATA AND IT IS
ABSOLUTELY NEED TO BE PRESURVED. WITHOUT
WHICH THE DETOXIFICATION OR BIOREMEDIATION
ACTIVITY WILL SEVERELY HAMPERED.

28. REFERENCES
• WWW.GOOGLE .COM
• WWW.SLIDESHARE.COM
• WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
• WWW.KOLKATA WETLAND.ORG
• WWW.EKWMA.IN
• WWW.MOEF.NIC.IN

29. SWAGATA CHAKRABORTY
PARTHA PRATIM KANDAR