The document summarizes 4 studies that investigated whether coffee consumption can help prevent Alzheimer's disease. Study 1 found that caffeine reduced amyloid plaques and improved cognition in mice. Study 2 observed lower dementia risk with moderate coffee drinking in humans. Study 3 reported that Alzheimer's patients consumed less coffee than non-patients. Study 4 found decreasing dementia risk with increasing coffee intake, though there may have been errors. The document discusses flaws in study designs and potential confounding factors like coffee type. It concludes that coffee may help prevent Alzheimer's disease when consumed in moderation.

1. Can Coffee help prevent
Alzheimer’s Disease?
Suthapat Sathityatiwat
5380055

2. Method of Research
• Search Engines:
– Scopus
– Google Scholar
– Science Direct
• Key Words:
– Alzheimer’s
– Coffee
– Mice
– Human

3. Overview
 What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
 4 Study Cases: Important Results
 Discussion
 Flaws
 Confounders
 Conclusion

4. What causes Alzheimer’s disease?
Plague of ß-amyloid proteins
• Increase in level of ß-Amyloid in the brain.
1. Alzheimer’s Association. (n.d.). Brain Plaques and Tangles. Alzheimer's Association. Retrieved March 17, 2014, from http://www.alz.org/braintour/
2. Arendash, G. W., Schleif, W., Rezai-Zadeh, K., Jackson, E. K., Zacharia, L., Cracchiolo, J. R., et al. (2006). Caffeine protects alzheimer's mice against
sognitive impairment and reduces brain ß-Amyloid production. Neuroscience, 142, 941-952.
3. Alzheimer’s Association. (n.d.). What is Alzheimer's?. Alzheimer's Association. Retrieved March 15, 2014, from http://www.alz.org alzheimers
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
• Alzheimer’s disease:
– The most common form of dementia
• Dementia
– memory loss and decline in other intellectual
abilities.

5. Paper #1 Paper #2 Paper #3 Paper #4
Point-of-View For For For Against
Subject mice human human human
N (Male:Female) 57 1409 (534:875) 54 pairs (26: 28) 3494 (all male)
Background - Eastern Finland Caucasians Japanese American
mean age (yrs.) initial: 4 months
Final: 9½ months
Mid-life: 50.4
Late-life: 71.3
70.8±7.75 Mid-life: 55
Late-life: 82
Duration (yrs.) 5½ months 21 20 27
Comparison
Group
Control : NT and Tg
Case: Tg+caff
L (0-2 cup/day)
M (3-5 cup/day)
H (>5 cup/day)
AD vs. non-AD
patients
0 (oz./day)
4-8 (oz./day)
12-16 (oz./day)
≥20 (oz./day)
Measurement 9 behavioral tests Questionnaire Interviews Interviews
e.g.
Morris Water Maze
Health check Computerized axial
tomography or MRI
Computed
tomography or MRI
Soluble/insoluble
ß-Amyloid levels
Cognitive test Cognitive test Cognitive test
- Coffee
consumption
Coffee
consumption
Coffee
consumption
4 Study Cases

6. Paper #1
Point-of-View For
Subject mice
N (Male:Female) 57
Background -
mean age (yrs.) initial: 4 months
Final: 9½ months
Duration (yrs.) 5½ months
Comparison
Group
Control :
Nontransgenic and
Transgenic
Case:
Transgenic+caffeine
Measurement 19 behavioral tests
e.g. Morris Water Maze
Soluble/insoluble ß-Amyloid levels
Paper #1
“Caffeine Protects Alzheimer’s Mice
Against Cognitive Impairment and Reduces
Brain ß-Amyloid Production”
Neuroscience (2006)
Author: Gary W. Arendash*1,2, W. Schleif, K. Rezai-
Zadeh, E.K. Jackson, L. C. Zacharia, J. R. Cracchiolo, D.
Shippy and J. Tan
*1 The Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center,
Tampa, FL, USA
*2 Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and
Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa,
FL, USA
1.5 mg/day = human’s 5 cups/day
4 Study Cases

7. Soluble/insoluble Amyloid-ß levels
1. Arendash, G. W., & Cao, C. (2010). Caffeine and Coffee as Therapeutics Against Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 20, S117-S126.

8. Paper #1
Point-of-View For
Subject mice
N
(Male:Female)
57
Background -
mean age (yrs.) initial: 4 months
Final: 9½ months
Duration (yrs.) 5½ months
Comparison
Group
Control :
Nontransgenic and
Transgenic
Case:
Transgenic+caffeine
Measurement 19 behavioral tests
e.g. Morris Water Maze
Soluble/insoluble ß-Amyloid levels
4 Study Cases
1. Arendash, G. W., Schleif, W., Rezai-Zadeh, K., Jackson, E. K., Zacharia, L.,
Cracchiolo, J. R., et al. (2006). Caffeine protects alzheimer's mice against cognitive impairment
and reduces brain ß-Amyloid production. Neuroscience, 142, 941-952.
Results
37%32%

9. Paper #2
Point-of-View For
Subject human
N (Male:Female) 1409 (534:875)
Background Eastern Finland
mean age (yrs.) Mid-life: 50.4
Late-life: 71.3
Duration (yrs.) 21
Comparison Group L (0-2 cup/day)
M (3-5 cup/day)
H (>5 cup/day)
Measurement Questionnaire
Health check
Cognitive test
Coffee consumption
Paper #2:
“Midlife Coffee and Tea Drinking and the
Risk of Late-Life Dementia:
A Population-Based CAIDE Study”
Author:
Marjo H. Eskelinen*, Tiia Ngandu, Jaakko Tuomilehto,
Hilkka Soininen, and Miia Kivipelto
*Department of Neurology, University of Duopio, P.O.
Kuopio, Finland
4 Study Cases
Result
Hypothesis:
Drinking coffee decreases
the chance of getting
Alzheimer’s Disease (DA)
62%-64%

10. Paper #3
Point-of-View For
Subject human
N (Male:Female) 54 pairs (26: 28)
Background Caucasians
mean age (yrs.) 70.8±7.75
Duration (yrs.) 20
Comparison
Group
Control: non-AD
Case: AD
Measurement Interviews
Computerized axial
tomography or MRI
Cognitive test
Coffee consumption
Paper #3:
“Does Caffeine Intake Protect from Alzheimer’s
Disease?”
Author: Gary W. Arendash*1,2 and Chuanhai Cao
*1 The Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Tampa, FL,
USA
*2 Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular
Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
0-99 mg/day
100-200 “
201-300 “
301-400 “
401-500 “
501-600 “
4 Study Cases
Result
Hypothesis:
AD patient drank less coffee
compared to non-AD

11. Paper #4
Point-of-View Against
Subject human
N (Male:Female) 3494 (all male)
Background Japanese American
mean age (yrs.) Mid-life: 55
Late-life: 82
Duration (yrs.) 27
Comparison
Group
0 (oz./day)
4-8 (oz./day)
12-16 (oz./day)
≥20 (oz./day)
Measurement Interviews
Computed tomography or MRI
Cognitive test
Coffee consumption
Paper #4:
“Coffee Intake in Midlife and Risk of Dementia
and its Neuropathologic Correlates”
Author:
Rebecca P. Gerlber*, Helen Petrovitch, Kamal H. Masaki, G.
Webster Ross, and Lon R. White
* Honolulu-Asia Aging Study at Kuakini Medical Center, the VA
Pacific Islands Healthcare System, Department of Medicine,
University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine,
Homolulu, HI, USA
4 Study Cases
Result
(25/588)*100%= 4.25% 3.63% 3.50% 3.02% 1.80%
Possible error in data
analysis???

12. Discussion
• Flaws in Research Design
– Paper #1: Mice vs. Human
– Paper #2: measurement method might not give
accurate enough result.
– Paper #3: only 54 pairs
– Paper #4: possible error in data analysis?

13. Confounders
Types of coffee Method of Preparation
– Robusta
– Arabica
Green coffee beans
Green coffee beans
Roasted
Roasted
Filtered or non-filtered?
Filtered or non-filtered?

14. Arabica vs. Robusta
x 3
Green
Coffee
Beans
Roasted
Coffee
Beans
1. Alves, R. C., Casal, S., Alves, M. R., & Oliveira, M. B. (2009). Discrimination between arabica and robusta coffee species on the basis of their tocopherol
profiles. Food Chemistry, 114, 295-299.

15. Conclusion
 What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
 4 Study Cases: Important Results
 Discussion
 Flaws
 Confounders
 Conclusion
Coffee can help prevent Alzheimer’s disease.
Drink coffee, but in moderation.

16. Reference
Alves, R. C., Casal, S., Alves, M. R., & Oliveira, M. B. (2009). Discrimination between arabica and robusta
coffee species on the basis of their tocopherol profiles. Food Chemistry, 114, 295-299.
Alzheimer’s Association. (n.d.). Brain Plaques and Tangles. Alzheimer's Association. Retrieved March 17, 2014,
from http://www.alz.org/braintour/plaques_tangles.aspAlzheimer’s Association. (n.d.). What is
Alzheimer's?.
Alzheimer's Association. Retrieved March 15, 2014, from
http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_what_is_alzheimers.asp
Arendash, G. W., Schleif, W., Rezai-Zadeh, K., Jackson, E. K., Zacharia, L., Cracchiolo, J. R., et al. (2006).
Caffeine protects alzheimer's mice against cognitive impairment and reduces brain ß-Amyloid production.
Neuroscience, 142, 941-952.
Arendash, G. W., & Cao, C. (2010). Caffeine and Coffee as Therapeutics Against Alzheimer's Disease. Journal
of Alzheimer's Disease, 20, S117-S126.
Eskelinen, M. J., Ngandu, T., Tuomilehto, J., Soininen, H., & Kivipelto, M. (2009). Midlife coffee and tea
drinking and the risk of late-life dementia: A population-based CAIDE study. Journal of Alzheimer's
Disease, 16, 85-91.
John, S. (2010, November 25). Morris Water Maze. Wikipedia. Retrieved March 17, 2014, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MorrisWaterMaze.svg
Maia, L., & Mendonca, A. d. (2002). Does caffeine intake protect from Alzheimer's disease?. European Journal
of Neurology, 9, 377-382.