HM501 Unit6 DQ Part 1 Topic 1: Lessons Learned (Respond below) As you contemplate how to restructure DHS, are there any lessons learned from the creation of FEMA that can provide guidance on how to restructure DHS? Part 2 Topic 1: Student Response #1 (Respond to Carly) Carly Adams One thing that should not happen to FEMA is the taking away of their responsibilities. During DHS's creation FEMA lost some of its important agencies and mission that were put under other agencies in DHS. As we saw with Hurricane Katrina those agencies and missions are best left under FEMA. DHS has given a good portion of their funding to FEMA but has decreased FEMA's funding over the years. Allocating appropriate funding to FEMA will cause them to. be more effective in dealing with disasters. Bullock, J.A., Haddow, G.D., Coppola, D.P. (2018). Homeland security: The essentials. (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. Topic 1: Student Response #2 (Respond to Diego) Diego Salgado Lessons Learned             Since Former President Jimmy Carter consolidated all federal programs into a single agency, The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has done an excellent job of adjusting to the never-ending natural, man-made, and terrorist threats faced by the United States every day. FEMA has encountered many issues since its creation, but one lesson learned that could provide guidance on the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) restructuring is the constant change from an all-hazards approach to a single focus. Bullock et al. (2018) stated, “With the election of President Ronald Reagan in 1980, the focus of FEMA’s policies and programs shifted dramatically from an all-hazards approach to a single focus on nuclear attack planning through its Office of National Preparedness” (p. 388). Thus, a fluctuation focus on low-probability / high-impact events was at some point FEMA’s failure to effectively and adequately respond to several disasters.              In my opinion, it would be vital for DHS to continue to focus its efforts and systems on an all-hazards approach. Hurricane Katrina is a constant reminder for all emergency management agencies across the Nation of how important it is for the United States government to focus and have an all-hazards approach. When the DHS took ownership of FEMA, it created many conflicts of interest because DHS systems were focused on a single hazard approach. Bullock et al. (2021) further explained how FEMA’s funding that supported local and state emergency plans became part of a funding reallocation requested of FEMA by DHS management to support other DHS priorities. In the end, it would be critical for DHS to continue to learn from FEMA’s struggles and not to let history repeat itself. Focus on an all-hazards approach and continue to nurture relationships to create excellent communication and an adequate response from all agencies and departments. References Bullock. J. A., Haddow, G.D., & Coppola, D.P. (2018). Homeland Security: The Es ...

1. HM501
Unit6 DQ
Part 1
Topic 1: Lessons Learned (Respond below)
As you contemplate how to restructure DHS, are there any
lessons learned from the creation of FEMA that can provide
guidance on how to restructure DHS?
Part 2
Topic 1: Student Response #1 (Respond to Carly)
Carly Adams
One thing that should not happen to FEMA is the taking away of
their responsibilities. During DHS's creation FEMA lost some
of its important agencies and mission that were put under other
agencies in DHS. As we saw with Hurricane Katrina those
agencies and missions are best left under FEMA. DHS has given
a good portion of their funding to FEMA but has decreased
FEMA's funding over the years. Allocating appropriate funding
to FEMA will cause them to. be more effective in dealing with
disasters.
Bullock, J.A., Haddow, G.D., Coppola, D.P. (2018). Homeland
security: The essentials. (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.
Topic 1: Student Response #2 (Respond to Diego)
Diego Salgado
Lessons Learned
Since Former President Jimmy Carter consolidated all
federal programs into a single agency, The Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) has done an excellent job of

2. adjusting to the never-ending natural, man-made, and terrorist
threats faced by the United States every day. FEMA has
encountered many issues since its creation, but one lesson
learned that could provide guidance on the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) restructuring is the constant change
from an all-hazards approach to a single focus. Bullock et al.
(2018) stated, “With the election of President Ronald Reagan in
1980, the focus of FEMA’s policies and programs shifted
dramatically from an all-hazards approach to a single focus on
nuclear attack planning through its Office of National
Preparedness” (p. 388). Thus, a fluctuation focus on low-
probability / high-impact events was at some point FEMA’s
failure to effectively and adequately respond to several
disasters.
In my opinion, it would be vital for DHS to continue to
focus its efforts and systems on an all-hazards approach.
Hurricane Katrina is a constant reminder for all emergency
management agencies across the Nation of how important it is
for the United States government to focus and have an all -
hazards approach. When the DHS took ownership of FEMA, it
created many conflicts of interest because DHS systems were
focused on a single hazard approach. Bullock et al. (2021)
further explained how FEMA’s funding that supported local and
state emergency plans became part of a funding reallocation
requested of FEMA by DHS management to support other DHS
priorities. In the end, it would be critical for DHS to continue to
learn from FEMA’s struggles and not to let history repeat itself.
Focus on an all-hazards approach and continue to nurture
relationships to create excellent communication and an adequate
response from all agencies and departments.
References
Bullock. J. A., Haddow, G.D., & Coppola, D.P.
(2018). Homeland Security: The Essentials. (2nd ed.).
Butterworth-Heinemann.
Haddow, G. D., Bullock, J. A., & Coppola, D.
P. (Eds.). (2021). Introduction to emergency

3. management (Seventh ed.). Elsevier.
Part 1
Topic 2: Reflect and Discuss
Now that you have completed this course, reflect on the
outcomes as well as your personal goals for the course. This is
not intended to be a mere recap of the course. The emphasis
here is what you have personally learned and how it will affect
your professional goals. Discussing what you have learned
during the term will not only help you better process the
information but will help you enhance each other’s learning
experience. Please reflect on the previous units and post a
response that addresses the following questions:
· What prior knowledge did you bring to this course?
· What were the most important new ideas you encountered and
how did they change your understanding of this class?
· Do feel you have met the outcomes in your work on this
course? Is there any outcome with which you feel you still need
support or assistance?
· What have you learned from your discussions and
collaborations with your fellow students?
· In what specific ways can you use the knowledge you have
gained in this course in your chosen profession? What are your
strengths and opportunities for growth in this area?
· What questions or concerns do you have about what you have
studied?
· What areas of the subject would you like to continue to
explore, and why?
Part 2
Topic 2: Student Response #1 (Respond to Diego)
Diego Salgado
Reflection

4. Coming into the course, I had no previous knowledge of
Homeland Security Policies, Principles, Procedures, and Plans
other than a few classes I took a few years ago. These past six
weeks have improved my knowledge and understanding about
the Department of Homeland Security, threats and hazards, and
the integration of agencies. In addition, It was impressive to
learn how much effort it takes for DHS, intelligence, and
emergency response to coordinate at the federal, state, local,
and private sectors to come together as one and aid one another.
The overall outcome of this course was excellent; I feel
more knowledgeable and educate about emergency
responsiveness and preparation. In the future, it will be
beneficial to learn a little more about terrorism as the United
States faces multiple threats, domestically and internationally.
Additionally, the discussions helped me see everyone's points of
view and opinions. It was fascinating to read what some of my
peers think, and in return, it helped me further understand the
question posted during the course.
There are many ways the information learned during
these past weeks can assist me during an emergency. As a
military police officer and emergency responder, I found it very
beneficial to know how to further coordinate with the private,
local, state, and federal governments during any disaster.
Currently, the military emergency responder team has a plan for
hurricanes mostly because that is the main threat for the state of
Hawaii. Thus, learning through FEMA's failures during Katrina
has to help my team considered changes from a single focus
plan to an all-hazards approach.
At this time, I have no questions or concerns about what
was covered during the course. All the questions were answered
by the professor and through the assigned reading or peers'
discussion pots. However, it would be beneficial to learn more
about terrorism because it is a threat The United States will
continue to face for an eternity.

5. Topic 2: Student Response #2 (Respond to Kenneth)
Kenneth Battersby
Hello All,
So this was my 7th class going for my Masters degree in
Homeland Security and Emergency Management and have a
bachelors in the same degree so I would like to think that I
entered this class with a little knowledge. I would say that most
of my classes followed more of the structure of things and this
class truly got me to question whether the structure was right or
wrong. We see things everyday and take them at face value and
rarely ever question whether the structure or process is right.
Coming into this class I thought it was great that FEMA was
under the DHS and leaving this class I don't believe I feel the
same way anymore. This class truly opened my eyes to several
areas of the DHS and disaster relief. I truly enjoy reading
everyone's posts and their insightful conclusions and answers to
the discussion questions. I am currently the security manager
for my squadron in the Air Force so I use some of the
knowledge I gained from this class everyday, including question
processes and structural organization of agencies. As of right
now I have no questions in regards to what I have studied but do
have a concern of writing 15 pages for the final paper haha. I
plan on focusing a little more in depth on emergency
management.
Sport and Development: Working in Communi ties
Summary
Inequality and Sport
In this relating to developing ‘Sport for all’ in terms of
inequality and sport is as (Hylton and Totten 2013) mentioned
‘Sport development has been at the cutting edge of what are
seen as innovative and refreshing approaches to traditional sport

6. provision. Despite constraints within their organisations, sport
workers today are attempting to offer more opportunities to the
public’ This shows less inequality and having sport are key
within developing ‘Sport for all’ as the traditional approaches
are becoming less useful than the more refreshing approach.
What this also shows is even though organisations are
restricted, there have been more chances and opportunities
arising from sport workers that are currently being given them
to public.
Regarding inequity and sport (Hylton and Totten 2013) as say
‘Sport development professionals are challenged to plan,
implement and monitor equality work in sport. Furthermore,
cultural shifts that have to take place in organisations for long-
term change need to go hand in hand with political and social
change.’ What this meant was sport development professionals
will need to focus towards sport when planning, implementing
and monitoring equality. The things that were also mentioned
were based in long-term change with shifts which take place
culturally within organisations that will need to go hand and
hand along with change politically and socially.
Social exclusion and inclusion
Another sport related issue which comes under this is social
exclusion and inclusion as this is known to be what separates
the social and economic norm, according to (Hylton and Totten
2013) ‘Persistent barriers to participation can be understood as
‘social exclusion’. Social inclusion is more than exclusion from
sport.’ In this quote is giving you a brief idea of what social
exclusion and exclusion is and social inclusion is not only
exclusion from sport. Another thing that was mentioned from
(Hylton and Totten 2013) was ‘Social exclusion is typified by
social and economic inequalities and by continual aggravation
of differences and divisions in the life chances of the members
of the same society. For example, divisions can be expressed
socially in terms of gender differences in sport; economically in
terms of differences in income; or culturally through ethnic
differences. ‘Exclusion’ and ‘inclusion’ affect individuals in

7. different ways, but ultimately have a decisive impact on overall
quality of life.’ What they meant by this is social inclusion is
characterised by inequalities socially and economically, with a
continued frustration of differences and division within life
which brings opportunities to the members of the same society.
Inclusion and exclusion impact people in other ways, which will
eventually important impact on overall quality of life.
Sport development workers would work within different areas to
reduce social exclusion as (Hylton and Totten 2013) said ‘Sport
development workers need to be conscious of the evident
common ground that sport shares with other ‘social’ services
working towards social inclusion. Shared professional
knowledge and integrated resources across department areas can
improve services. These shared areas of interest become fields
for integrated coherent policies and are often referred to as
‘cross-cutters’. Cross-cutters enable professionals to work
together to reduce social exclusion and include:
· Community development;
· Lifelong learning;
· Social cohension;
· Community safety;
· Active healthy lifestyles;
· Social and economic regeneration;
· Job creation;
· Equal opportunities;
· Crime prevention;
· Environment protection.
All the above emphasise that sport that sport must not be
considered in isolation from other aspects of society.’
As mentioned in this quote there are many different ways that
cross-cutters are able to work with each other to reduce social
inclusion, sport development workers need to be more aware of
the obvious common ground in which sport shares working
towards social inclusion with other social services.
Social exclusion and ‘Sport for All’
In terms of social exclusion and ‘Sport for All’ systematically if

8. seems that there are intentional and unintentional exclusions
according to (Hylton and Totten 2013) ‘The systematic nature
of the intentional and unintentional exclusions in each Member
State poses a number of complex problems for key stakeholders
of sport. In the UK the demand for ‘joined-up thinking’
confirmed that sport should be used as one instrument within a
broad diet of activity influenced by government and related
stakeholders.’ In this section of chapter it shows the key
stakeholders of sport is facing problems and which are posed by
Member State, through the nature of intentional and
unintentional exclusions systematically.
Barriers to participation
Barriers to participation are normally one of the ways that
people are not apart of inclusion but are apart of exclusion and
there are different reasons for this and according to (Hylton and
Totten 2013) ‘Promoting inclusion and tackling exclusion
involve identifying inequalities. Ultimately inequality is shaped
by different social, cultural, political and economic processes.
Using previously identified quantitative and qualitative methods
of analysing participation, same influences crop up regularly.
Key influences include disposable income, levels of educational
attainment, occupational status, social class, culture, ethnicity,
gender, age, ability and disability.’ What this meant was
defining barriers of participation, this involved the keys
influences and identifying inequalities.
In this part of the chapter they also speak on social influences,
alienation and how previously highlighted barriers can exclude
and lead to feelings if ‘this is not me’. (Hylton and Totten
2013) also mentioned ‘These social influences can either
empower or discourage sports participation. In terms of
exclusion, influences can also act as potential barriers to
participation. These can be further categorized as physical,
economic, motivational, cultural and political. Physical barriers
to participation include the location of facilities, activities and
services.’ In this quote displayed the different barriers of
participation, which means for example you may be able to

9. participate in sport but you do not have a location or other
facilities which are physical barriers.
Conclusion
I feel that in the area of inequality and sport it showed me that
as long as there is inequality sport will not develop how it
should be. In my future aspirations as a Sport Development and
Management professional inequality and sport has made me
more aware when planning, implementing and monitoring
equality.
Social exclusion and inclusion has made me understand more
about the social and economic inequalities. I my future
aspirations this could help as I know more about people and
what different social services are evident in common ground
and as a professional to work together and reduce social
exclusion.
Social exclusion and ‘Sport for All’ has showed me how the key
stakeholders of sport is facing problems and which are posed by
Member State, through the nature of intentional and
unintentional exclusions systematically. Towards my future
aspirations what I could do as a professional is to participate in
equality development work.
Barriers to participation within my future aspirations would
include myself identifying inequalities, key influences as a way
to guide my professional career. Knowing how to promote
inclusion and tackle exclusion.

10. Reference List
Hylton, K. and Totten, M. (2013). Sport Development: Policy,
process and practice 3rd edn. Oxon and New York: Routledge.
HM501
Unit 6 Assignment
A Plan for the Restructuring of the Department of Homeland
Security: The Need to Improve DHS’s Effectiveness
Your final Assignment in this course is a 15-17 page term paper
addressing the restructuring of the Department of Homeland
Security.
If you were advising the President of the United States
(POTUS), what recommendations would you make to POTUS in
order to better integrate the different intelligence and homeland
security agencies with the goal of creating more useful
“actionable” information? Use the following critical functional
areas as a basis to start your recommendations:
· Fusion of actionable intelligence information (connecting the
dots)
· Prevention and deterrence of attacks
· Protection and hardening of targets
· Response and recovery attacks/disasters
· Improved cost efficiencies within DHS
Be sure to show how you would apply those recommendations
and support that application with an analysis and critical
evaluation of both the current and future versions of the DHS.

11. Provide examples when applicable.
This 15-17 page paper (the page count does not include
citations and exhibits), should be written using APA format and
include at least 20 sources beyond the textbook. You should try
to incorporate major portions of the “mile-stone” Assignments
that you drafted in earlier units.
Key sections of your Term Paper should include:
· Abstract
· Introduction and historical overview of the creation of DHS
· A literature review of critical organizational structure issues
of DHS
· Your proposals
· Conclusion
Please underline your thesis statement. Your thesis statement
should be one, and only one, sentence that is embedded within
your abstract section.
Below are some resources from the writing center that may
assist you with key sections of your paper:
· How to write a research paper
· Writing an Abstract
· Writing a Literature Review
This summary also provides a good overview of a Literature
Review.
Download an Assignment Checklist to help you as you complete
your Assignment.
Submitting Your Assignment
Save your document in the following format: Last name First
name Assignment. (Example: SmithJohn Unit 6 Assignment).
Submit your Assignment by selecting the Unit 6: Assignment
Dropbox by the end of Unit 6.
HM501:
Unit3 Assignment
Thesis Statement
The main Assignment in this course (due in Unit 6) is to draft a

12. Term Paper titled “A Plan for the Restructuring of the
Department of Homeland Security: The Need to Improve DHS’s
Effectiveness.”
In order to prepare you for the Term Paper, you are asked in
Unit 3 to submit a one sentence “thesis statement” (one and
only one sentence!) for your Term Paper.
As a reminder, the Thesis Statement (TS) is the most important
sentence of any paper you write, and should be written before
any other part of your paper. Your TS is the “beacon” for the
rest of the paper and the body of your paper must follow and
reinforce your TS.
Because your TS is the most critical part of your paper, you
should write and edit it before you write any other part of your
paper.
Below is a good 6-part test to determine if you have a good TS:
· Does it answer the question clearly and directly?
· Does it tell you what you are going to cover in your paper; is
it a good road map for your paper?
· Does it have a point of view and includes your opinion?
· Does it have some “pizzazz” that engages the reader? Is it
interesting, and thus memorable to the reader?
· Does it answer the “so what” question? Why should the reader
care about your point of view? Why is this important to the
reader?
· Is the writing sharp, crisp and to the point?
A TS is NOT the following:
· a restatement of the assignment question
· vague, combative, or confrontational
· simply a standard sentence
· rambling or unfocused
For the purpose of the term paper your question is:
"If you were advising the President of the United States
(POTUS), what recommendations would you make to POTUS in
order to better integrate the different intelligence and homeland
security agencies with the goal of creating more useful
“actionable” information?”

13. For assistance with writing your Thesis Statement, visit the
Writing Center’s section of Thesis Statements.
Submitting Your Assignment
Save your document in the following format: Last name First
name Assignment. (Example: SmithJohn Unit 3 Assignment).
Submit your Assignment by selecting the Unit 3: Assignment
Dropbox by the end of Unit 3.
CJ509
Unit6 Last Assignment
Examining Global Trends in Comparative Criminal Justice
Systems
Write a 1,250 to 2,000 word paper discussing a contemporary,
international issue related to criminal justice systems and the
trends associated with the selected topic as supported by the
literature. For example, Cybersecurity, Terrorism, Human
Trafficing, etc.
Your paper should examine all of the following elements:
· The nature and description of the issue.
· Current trends surrounding the issue using at least three charts
in the analysis
· Discuss how the trend may change in the future.
· A discussion of how social, political, and cultural events
affect the issue and its associated trends.
· A discussion of current international cooperation to address
the issue (if applicable).
· A discussion based on the literature regarding what could be
done (that is not currently being done) to address the issue and
its associated trends.
· A description of how this issue and the associated trends
affect criminal justice systems on a global scale.
Your paper should be in APA format and include a title and
references page. Use at least three credible sources beyond the
textbook to support your position.
Directions

14. In addition to fulfilling the specifics of the assignment, a
successful paper must also meet the following criteria:
· Include a cover page and references page in 10–12 point font
(Arial, Courier, and Times New Roman are acceptable)
· Viewpoint and purpose should be clearly established and
sustained
· Assignment should follow the conventions of Standard English
(correct grammar, punctuation, etc.)
· Writing should be well ordered, logical, and unified, as well
as original and insightful
· Your work should display superior content, organization,
style, and mechanics
· Appropriate citation style should be followed
You should also make sure to:
· Include a title page with full name, class name, section
number, and date
· Include an introductory and concluding paragraph and
demonstrate college-level communication through the
composition of original materials in Standard English
· Use examples to support your discussion
· Cite all sources on a separate reference page at the end of your
paper and cite within the body of your paper using APA format
and citation style. For more information on APA guidelines,
visit Academic Tools.
Directions for Submitting Your Assignment
Compose your assignment and save it in the following format:
Course#_LastnameFirstname Unit # Assignment (example:
CJ509_SmithJohn Unit 6 Assignment). Submit your assignment
to the appropriate
CJ509
Unit 6 DQ
Part 1
Topic 1: International Trends (Please Respond)

15. Critically discuss with your classmates 3 international trends in
the administration of criminal justice. Be sure that each trend
you select is supported with literature. How will each trend
affect not only the system of criminal justice in the world, but
internationally?
Part 2
Topic 1: Student Response #1(Respond to Kathryn)
Kathryn Ostrom
Hey Professor and Class,
Trends within the administration of criminal justice vary
depending on the crimes committed. Take drug trafficking for
example, over time the drug trafficking has remained stable, but
since 2003 there has been an increase of drug possession
offenses (Reichel, 2018). This shows that although moving
drugs in and out of the United States has remained stable over
the years there is an increase in possession rates. Opioids, such
as heroin and controlled prescription drugs, continues to
increase in the United States, and other drugs such as cocaine
and methamphetamine also increases as drug traffickers
continue to sell increased amounts of these drugs (Drug
Enforcement Administration, 2019). Looking at heroin the trend
this drug has on not only the United States but other countries
as well fluctuates in the distribution, seizures, and overdoses
caused by heroin. The United States has heroin smuggled in
through Mexico, South America, and Southwest Asia (Drug
Enforcement Administration, 2018). Showing the affect this has
is international, with it coming from three different sources we
can assume the demand in the United States has increased. In
2016, 1,690 kilograms of heroin was seized, this number
increased to 2,284 kilograms in 2017, then 2,321 kilograms in
2018 (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2018). The amount
seized has increased over this three years span but it only
addresses that which was seized, the intent is to increase the

16. trend on what is seized as the years go on. Although a large
amount is seized, there is still a large amount being distributed
within the United States, sometimes resulting in overdoses.
There were roughly 15,400 heroin overdose deaths between
2016 and 2017, although the trend is stable in 2017 heroin was
involved is the majority of overdose related deaths.
These trends in drug trafficking of heroin in the distribution,
seizures, and overdoses, not only impacts the United States but
other countries as well, with the increase of drugs coming into
the United States they have to be produced somewhere. This
causes the drug issue to affect other countries as well. It can
cause other crimes such as robbery, theft, and murder by those
trying to obtain money to produce or purchase the drugs but
also those selling them to ensure they are not apprehended by
authorities, this can happen where the drugs are produced and
where they are distributed increasing crimes rates on both side
of the spectrum. Increased crime rates then increases the need
for law enforcement, the court system, corrections, and
rehabilitation, resulting in move funding for all of these factors
by the government in each area drug trafficking affects.
Thank you,
Kathryn Ostrom
Drug Enforcement Administration. (2019, December). 2019
National Drug Threat
Assessment. https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-
01/2019-NDTA-final-01-14-2020_Low_Web-DIR-007-
20_2019.pdf
Reichel, P. (2018). Comparative Criminal Justice Systems: A
Topical Approach (7th ed.). Pearson
Topic 1: Student Response #2(Respond to Nathan)
Nathan Collins
Entrepreneurial Justice
Entrepreneurial justice can be depicted as privatized
justice to be placed in gaps where public justice systems have

17. gaps (Burgis-Kasthala, 2019). In this sense, private security
assets are on the rise to make for places public police forces can
not cover. For example, security of hospitals in Syria built by
nonprofit organizations is often done by private contractors. As
interests of everyday people are moving to an international
platform, security and justice has the chance of becoming
privatized.
Cyber Justice
Cyberspace continues to be an expanding and erratic natured
platform that continually needs monitoring. Another topic of
discussion for one is the security of human rights online that
remain a direct reflection of the physical plain (Mihr, 2016).
This trend in cyber justice and continued need of use is a
demonstration of what is yet to come. Further developments in
cyberspace will make the court system and criminal justice
administration to continue to create more laws.
Confucianism
Ancient China had three major methodologies regarding
its criminal justice system expanding multiple empires. Of note
is the concept of Confucianism to which focuses on moral
restoration of those committing the crime (Zhang, 2017). This
type of justice can be seen today regarding multiple systems
rehabilitation programs. Emphasizing moral awareness and
independence.
References
Burgis-Kasthala, M. (2019). Entrepreneurial Justice: Syria, the
Commission for International
Justice and Accountability and the Renewal of International
Criminal Justice. European Journal of International Law, 30(4),
1165–1186.
Mihr, A. (2016). Cyber justice: Cyber governance through
human rights and rule of law in the internet. US-China Law
Review, 13(4), 314-336.

18. Zhang, X., Yao, T., Xu, W., & Zhai, Y. (2017). Crime and
Punishment in Ancient China and Its
Relevance Today. American Journal of Economics &
Sociology, 76(5), 1191–1218. https://doi-
org.libauth.purdueglobal.edu/10.1111/ajes.12205