Alcoholic controlling with vehicle detection

VEHICLE CONTROLING WITH ALCOHOLIC DETECTION
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SISTK Page 1
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NAME PAGE.NO
CHAPTER-1
1.MECHANICALDEVICES
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1.1 TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE 1
1.1.2 FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE 1
1.1.3 FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE 2
1.2 FLYWHEEL 3
1.2.1 ROLE OF FLYWHEEL IN STARTING OF AN ENGINE 4
1.3 CRANK SHAFT 5
1.3.1 FUNCTIONS 6
1.4 CONNECTING ROD 7
1.4.1 FUNCTIONS 8
1.5 PISTON 9
1.5.1 FUNCTIONS 10
1.6 COMBUSTION CHAMBER 10
CHAPTER-II
2.ELECTRICALQUIPMENTS 12
2.1 STARTER MOTOR 13
2.1.1 CONTRUCTION 13
2.1.2 TYPES OF STARTING MOTORS 14
2.1.3 STARTING DRIVE 15

2.1.4 STARTER PROBLEMS 16
2.2 SOLENOID 18
2.3 BATTERY 19
2.4 ALTERNATER 20
2.4.1 PRINCIPLE 21
2.5 IGNITION KEY SYSTEM 22
CHAPTER-III
3. ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT 23
3.1 SENSOR 24
3.2 REGULATOR 25
3.3 555 TIMER 26
3.4 RHEOSTAT 27
3.5 RESISTOR 28
3.6 CAPACITOR 29
3.7 DIODE 30
3.8 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 31
3.9 IC CHIP ADC0808CCN 32
3.10 RELAY 33
3.11 LATCHING RELAY 34
CHAPTER-IV
4.INDIAN ACCIDENTS 38
4.1 CAUSE OF ACCIDENTS 39
4.2 STATE WISE GRAPH 40
4.3 OVERALL INDIAN ACCIDENT ANALSYS 41
5.CONCLUSION 42

6.REFERANCE 43

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT
“Prevention is better than cure”, we are all well aware of this quote. Every year many
lives are drunken driving. Efforts are taken to save life after the accident. These
circumstances can be prevented by introducing “alcohol sensor” in to an automobile. This
sensor is connected to igniting parts through the electrical circuit. On installation of the
mechanism in an automobile has initially the driver has to axle on to the sensor to start up the
engine.
The vehicle will start if and only if the driver passes the test condition i.e, the exhaled
air alcoholic percentage must be less than the Threshold value. If the limit crosses or if the
driver avoids blowing on to the device the ignition will be interlocked. The output of the
alcohol sensor is directly proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the breath. Through
some electronic means these output is utilized to hand over the igniting system to the breath
of the driver and not his hands.
While government regulations play an important role in ensuring vehicle safety,
voluntary approaches to the design and implementation of vehicle safety systems are
increasing in importance as vehicle manufacturers deploy safety systems well in advance of,
and even in the absence of, government regulations requiring them. This paper provides an
overview of regulatory and non-regulatory approaches to vehicle technology development
and deployment, and will describe a new, innovative publicprivate partnership underway to
develop an in-vehicle alcohol detection system. In response to concerns about limited
progress in reducing alcohol-impaired driving in the United States during the last decade,
attention is focusing on technological approaches to the problem.
One strategy includes efforts to increase the application of current breath alcohol
ignition interlocks on the vehicles of Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) offenders. However,
in recognition that many alcohol-impaired drivers have not been convicted of DWI, an effort
is underway to develop advanced in-vehicle technologies that could be fitted in vehicles of all
drivers to measure driver blood alcohol concentration non-invasively.
The Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety (ACTS, a group funded by vehicle

manufacturers) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) have
commenced a 5-year cooperative agreement entitled Driver Alcohol Detection System for
Safety (DADSS) to explore the feasibility of, and the public policy challenges associated
with, widespread use of in-vehicle alcohol detection technology to prevent alcohol-impaired
driving. This paper will outline the approach being taken, and the significant challenges to
overcome.

2.ELECTRICALEQUIPMENTS
2.1 STARTER MOTOR:
A starter (also self-starter, self, or starter motor) is a device used to rotate an internal-
combustion engine so as to initiate the engine's operation under its own power. Starters can
be electric, pneumatic, hydraulic, or in case of very large engines, even internal-combustion
engines.
Internal-combustion engines are feedback systems, which, once started, rely on the inertia
from each cycle to initiate the next cycle. In a four-stroke engine, the third stroke releases
energy from the fuel, powering the fourth (exhaust) stroke and also the first two (intake,
compression) strokes of the next cycle, as well as powering the engine's external load. To
start the first cycle at the beginning of any particular session, the first two strokes must be
powered in some other way than from the engine itself. The starter motor is used for this
purpose and is not required once the engine starts running and its feedback loop becomes
self-sustaining.
The powerful electric starter motor does the turning. Its shaft carries a small pinion ( gear
wheel) which engages with a large gear ring around the rim of the engine flywheel . ...
The starter needs a heavy electric current , which it draws through thick wires from the
battery.
2.1.1 CONSTRUCTION:
A starter motor converts the electrical energy stored in the battery into mechanical
energy to crank the engine for starting. A simple electric motor includes a horseshoe-shaped
soft-iron yoke with field windings wound around each of the two pole-pieces . The armature
winding rotates between the pole-pieces with its ends attached to each half-segment of a split-
ring. The current from the positive terminal of the battery flows to the right-hand brush and
segment, round the armature loop, and comes out of the left-hand segment and brush. It then
circulates through the left-and right-hand yoke field windings and returns to the negative

terminal of the battery.
2.1.2 TYPES OF STARTING MOTORS:
2-pole starting motor:
A starter is a device used to rotate an internal-combustion engine so as to initiate the
engine's. Although the electric starter motor was to come to dominate the car market, in 1912
there .... This type of starter eliminated the solenoid, replacing it with a movable pole shoe
and a separate starter relay.
4-pole starting motor:
The electric starter motor or starting motor is the most common type used on gasoline
engines and small diesel engines. The modern starter motor is either a permanent-magnet or a
series-parallel wound direct current electric motor with a starter solenoid (similar to a relay)
mounted on it.in this there are four types of dc motors. They are:
1)Shunt wound motors:
The shunt wound DC motor falls under the category of self-excited DC motors,
where the field windings are shunted to, or are connected in parallel to the armature winding
of the motor, as its name is suggestive of. And for this reason both the armature winding and
the field winding are exposed to the same supply voltage, though there are separate branches
for the flow of armature current and the field current.

2)Series wound motors:
A series wound DC motor like in the case of shunt wound DC motor or compound
wound DC motor falls under the category of self-excited dc motors, and it gets its name from
the fact that the field winding in this case is connected internally in series to the armature
winding. Thus the field winding are exposed to the entire armature current unlike in the case
of a shunt motor.
3)Compound wound motors:
A compound wound DC motor or rather a DC compound motor falls under the
category of self-excited motors, and is made up of both series the field coils.Both the field
coils provide for the required amount of magnetic flux, that links with the armature coil and
brings about the torque necessary to facilitate rotation at desired speed. As we can
understand, a compound wound DC motor is basically formed by the amalgamation of
a shunt wound DC motor and series wound DC motor to achieve the better.
4) Permanent magnet motors:
In a DC motor, an armature rotates inside a magnetic field. Basic working principle
of DC motor is based on the fact that whenever a current carrying conductor is placed inside a
magnetic field, there will be mechanical force experienced by that conductor. All kinds of DC
motors work in this principle only. Hence for constructing a DC motor it is essential to
establish a magnetic field. The magnetic field is obviously established by means of magnet.
The magnet can by any types i.e. it may be electromagnet or it can be permanent magnet.
When permanent magnet is used to create magnetic field in a DC motor, the motor is referred
as permanent magnet DC motor or PMDC motor.
2.1.3 STARTING DRIVE:
The starting motor for a diesel or a gasoline engine operates on the same principle as
a direct current electric motor. The motor is designed to turn extremely heavy loads but tends
to overheat quickly because it draws a high current (300 to 665 amperes).To avoid over

heating never allow the motor to run for more than the specified amount of time. Then allow
it to cool for 2 or 3 minutes before using it again.
The starting motor is located near the flywheel. (See fig. 10-1) The drive gear on the starter is
arranged so that it can mesh with the teeth on the flywheel (or the ring gear) when the starting
switch is closed. The drive mechanism has two functions: (1) to transmit the turning force to
the engine when the starting motor runs and to disconnect the starting motor from the engine
immediately after the engine has started and (2) to provide a gear reduction ratio between the
starting motor and the engine. (The gear ratio between the driven pinion and the flywheel is
usually about 15 to 1. This means that the starting motor rotates 15 times as fast as the
engine, or at 1500 rpm to turn the engine at a speed of 100 rpm.)

FUNCTIONS:
When the starter motor begins turning, the inertia of the drive pinion assembly causes
it to wind the spring forcing the length of the spring to change and engage with the ring gear.
When the engine starts, back drive from the ring gear causes the drive pinion to exceed the
rotation speed of the starter, at which point the drive pinion is forced back and out of mesh
with the ring gear.
The main drawback to the Bendix drive is that it relies on a certain amount of "clash"
between the teeth of the pinion and the ring gears before they slip into place and mate
completely; the teeth of the pinion are already spinning when they come into contact with the
static ring gear, and unless they happen to align perfectly at the moment they engage, the
pinion teeth will strike the teeth of the ring gear side-to-side rather than face-to-face, and
continue to rotate until both align. This increases wear on both sets of teeth. For this reason
the Bendix drive has been largely superseded in starter motor design by the pre-engagement
system using a solenoid.
2.1.4 STARTER PROBLEMS:
 The starter motor is powered by the car battery. To turn over the engine the starter
motor requires a very high electric current, which means the battery has to have
sufficient power.
 Starting system problems are common and not all problems are caused by a faulty
starter motor. To find the cause of the problem the starting system must be properly
tested.
 The starter motor requires a very high current to turn over the engine, that's why it's
connected to the battery with thick (large gauge) cables (see the diagram). The
negative (ground) cable connects the "-" battery terminal to the engine cylinder block,
close to the starter. The positive cable connects the "+" battery terminal to the starter
solenoid.
2.2 SOLENOID:

A solenoid is a coil wound into a tightly packed helix. The term was invented
by French physicist Andre-Marie Ampère to designate a helical coil.
In physics, the term refers to a coil whose length is substantially greater than its diameter,
often wrapped around a metallic core, which produces a uniform magnetic field in a volume
of space (where some experiment might be carried out) when an electric current is passed
through it. A solenoid is a type of electromagnet when the purpose is to generate a controlled
magnetic field. If the purpose of the solenoid is instead to impede changes in the electric
current, a solenoid can be more specifically classified as an inductor rather than
an electromagnet. Not all electromagnets and inductors are solenoids; for example, the first
electromagnet, invented in 1824, had a horseshoe rather than a cylindrical solenoid shape.
In engineering, the term may also refer to a variety of transducer devices that
convert energy into linear motion. The term is also often used to refer to a solenoid valve,
which is an integrated device containing an electromechanical solenoid which actuates either
a pneumatic or hydraulic valve, or a solenoid switch, which is a specific type of relay that
internally uses an electromechanical solenoid to operate an electrical switch; for example,
an automobile starter solenoid, or a linear solenoid, which is an electromechanical
solenoid. Solenoid bolts, a type of electronic-mechanical locking mechanism, also exist.
Working:
 A solenoid is simply a specially designed electromagnet.
 A solenoid usually consists of a coil and a movable iron core called the armature.
 current flows through a wire, a magnetic field is set up around the wire.
 If we make a coil of many turns of wire, this magnetic field becomes many times
stronger, flowing around the coil and through its centre in a doughnut shape.

 When the coil of the solenoid is energized with current, the core moves to increase the
flux linkage by closing the air gap between the cores.
 The movable core is usally spring-loaded to allow the core to retract when the current
is switched off.
2.3 BATTERY:
An automotive battery is a rechargeable battery that supplies electric energy to an
automobile. Traditionally, this is called an SLI, for starting, lighting, ignition, and its main
purpose is to start the engine. Once the engine is running, power for the car is supplied by
the alternator. Typically, starting discharges less than three per cent of the battery capacity.
SLI batteries are designed to release a high burst of current, measured in amperes, and then
be quickly recharged. They are not designed for deep discharge, and a full discharge can
reduce the battery's lifespan.[1]
As well as starting the engine an SLI battery supplies the extra power necessary when the
vehicle's electrical requirements exceed the supply from the charging system. It is also a
stabilizer, evening out potentially-damaging voltage spikes.[2] While the engine is running,
most of the power is provided by the alternator, which includes a voltage regulator to keep
the output between 13.5 and 14.5 V.[3]
Modern SLI batteries are lead-acid type and provide 12.6 volts of direct current, nominally
12 V. The battery is actually six cells connected serially.[4]
Battery electric vehicles are powered by a high-voltage electric vehicle battery, but they
usually have an automotive battery as well, so that it can be equipped with standard
automotive accessories which are designed to run on 12 V.
The major components of battery are:
 Container
 Plates
 Separator
 Cell above
 Electrolyte
Working:

Here's what happens in one cell of a car's lead-acid battery: - The cell has one plate
made of lead and another plate made of lead dioxide, with a strong sulfuric acid electrolyte in
which the plates are immersed. - Lead combines with SO4 (sulfate) to create PbSO4 (lead
sulfate), plus one electron. - Lead dioxide, hydrogen ions and SO4 ions, plus electrons from
the lead plate, create PbSO4 and water on the lead dioxide plate. - As the battery discharges,
both plates build up PbSO4 and water builds up in the acid. The characteristic voltage is
about 2 volts per cell, so by combining six cells you get a 12-volt battery. A lead-acid battery
has a nice feature -- the reaction is completely reversible. If you apply current to the battery at
the right voltage, lead and lead dioxide form again on the plates so you can reuse the battery
over and over.
2.4 ALTERNATOR:
Alternators are used in modern automobiles to charge the battery and to power the
electrical system when its engine is running. Both 'DC generators' (or 'dynamos') and
'alternators' initially produce alternating current. In a so-called 'DC generator', this AC current

is generated in the rotating armature, and then converted to DC by the commutator and
brushes. In an 'alternator', the AC current is generated in the stationary stator, and then is
converted to DC by the rectifiers (diodes).
The major components of the alternator are:
 Rotor
 Stator
Rotor:
The rotor is a moving component of an electromagnetic system in the electric
motor, electric generator, or alternator. Its rotation is due to the interaction between the
windings and magnetic fields which produces a torque around the rotor's axis.
Stator:
The stator is the stationary part of a rotary system, found in electric
generators, electric motors, sirens, or biological rotors. The main use of a stator is to keep the
field aligned. The stator of these devices may be either a permanent magnet or
an electromagnet. Where the stator is an electromagnet, the coil which energizes it is known
as the field coil or field winding.
The coil can be either iron core or aluminium. To reduce loading losses in motors,
manufacturers invariably use copper as the conducting material in windings. Aluminium,
because of its lower electrical conductivity, may be an alternate material in fractional
horsepower motors, especially when the motors are used for very short durations.
An AC alternator is able to produce power across multiple high-current power generation
coils connected in parallel, eliminating the need for the commutator. Placing the field coils on
the rotor allows for an inexpensive slip ring mechanism to transfer high-voltage, low current
power to the rotating field coil.
It consists of a steel frame enclosing a hollow cylindrical core (made up of laminations
of silicon steel). The laminations are to reduce hysteresis and eddy current losses.

2.4.1 PRINCIPLE:
Alternator generally consists of field poles placed on the rotating fixture of the
machine i.e. rotor as shown in the figure above. Once the rotor or the field poles are made to
rotate in the presence of armature conductors housed on the stator, an alternating
3φ voltage represented by aa’ bb’ cc’ is induced in the armature conductors thus resulting in
the generation of 3φ electrical power. All modern day electrical power generating stations use
this technology for generation of 3φ power, and as a result the alternator or synchronous
generator has become a subject of great importance and interest for power engineers.An
alternator is basically a type of AC generator which is also known as synchronous generator,
for the simple reason that the field poles are made to rotate at synchronous speed Ns = 120 f/P
for effective power generation.
Where f signifies the alternating current frequency and the P represents the number of
poles.In most practical construction of alternator, it is installed with a stationary armature
winding and a rotating field unlike in the case of DC generator where the arrangement is
exactly opposite.
This modification is made to cope with the very high power of the order of few 100 Mega
watts produced in an AC generator contrary to that of a DC generator. To accommodate such
high power the conductor weigh and dimension naturally has to be increased for optimum
performance. And for this reason is it beneficial to replace these high power armature
windings by low power field windings, which is also consequently of much lighter weight,
thus reducing the centrifugal force required to turn the rotor and permitting higher speed
limits.

2.5 IGNITION KEY SWITCH:
An ignition switch or starter switch is a switch in the control system of an internal
combustion engined motor vehicle that activates the main electrical systems for the vehicle.
Besides providing power to the starter solenoid and the ignition system components
(including the engine control unit and ignition coil).
Powering the ignition on:
 When you turn the key once, you power up the battery This allows you to run the
stereo, headlights, wipers etc.
 When you turn the key twice, you connect the spark plugs in the engine to the
battery and the ignition coil.

 When you turn the ignition of the car all the way to the end, it powers the electric
motor.
Cranking the Engine:
Engine cranking is a term used for the turning over, or energizing the engine by some
exterior force, normally a starter, but in the old days is was a "crank" that was turned by
hand. It comes from the "crankshaft" which is the part of the engine that spins with the
pistons and drives them to start and then is driven by them once the engine starts. This
turning starts the engine through it's cycle where the gasoline is injected and the spark is sent
to the cylinder to start the engine. Battery companies use an engine cranking test to show how
strong their batteries are in certain conditions.
In engine diagnosis, when the car fails to start, the ability to turn over or crank determines
where to look for the fault. If the starter cannot crank the engine, there is probably an

electrical problem with it or the battery. A jump start with another battery can determine if it
is the bad battery. A jump start by pushing a manual transmission car, or even cranking with
a wrench on the pulley of the crankshaft can determine if there is a physical obstruction in the
engine (locked up, rusted, timing chain failure, etc.). If it cranks, or spins, but does not start,
the starting system is not at fault and the mechanic looks to fuel or electrical problems with
the engine.

3.ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT:
3.1 SENSOR:
Analog Gas Sensor(MQ3)
CONTENTS:
 1 Introduction
 2 Specification
 3 Connecting Diagram
 4 Sample Code
 5 Version history
INTRODUCTION:
The analog gas sensor - MQ3 is suitable for detecting alcohol, this sensor can be used in a
Breathalyser.It has a high sensitivity to alcohol and small sensitivity to Benzine. The
sensitivity can be adjusted by the potentiometer.
SPECIFICATIONS:
 Power supply needs: 5V
 Interface type: Analog
 High sensitivity to alcohol and small sensitivity to Benzine
 Fast response and High sensitivity
 Simple drive circuit
 Stable and long life

 Size:36.4x26.6mm
Connecting Diagram:
3.2 REGULATOR:
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A
voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative
feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or
more AC or DC voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power
supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In
automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control
the output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be
installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage
independent of how much power is drawn from the line.

In electromechanical regulators, voltage regulation is easily accomplished by coiling
the sensing wire to make an electromagnet. The magnetic field produced by the current
attracts a moving ferrous core held back under spring tension or gravitational pull. As voltage
increases, so does the current, strengthening the magnetic field produced by the coil and
pulling the core towards the field. The magnet is physically connected to a mechanical power
switch, which opens as the magnet moves into the field. As voltage decreases, so does the
current, releasing spring tension or the weight of the core and causing it to retract. This closes
the switch and allows the power to flow once more.
If the mechanical regulator design is sensitive to small voltage fluctuations, the
motion of the solenoid core can be used to move a selector switch across a range of
resistances or transformer windings to gradually step the output voltage up or down, or to
rotate the position of a moving-coil AC regulator.
Early automobile generators and alternators had a mechanical voltage regulator using
one, two, or three relays and various resistors to stabilize the generator's output at slightly
more than 6 or 12 V, independent of the engine's rpm or the varying load on the vehicle's
electrical system. Essentially, the relay(s) employed pulse width modulation to regulate the

output of the generator, controlling the field current reaching the generator (or alternator) and
in this way controlling the output voltage producing back into the generator and attempting to
run it as a motor. The rectifier diodes in an alternator automatically perform this function so
that a specific relay is not required; this appreciably simplified the regulator design.
More modern designs now use solid state technology (transistors) to perform the same
function that the relays perform in electromechanical regulators.
3.3 555 TIMER:
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as
an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide two or four timing circuits in one
package.
Introduced in 1972by Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use due to its low price,
ease of use, and stability. It is now made by many companies in the original bipolar and in
low-power CMOS. As of 2003, it was estimated that 1 billion units were manufactured every
year. The 555 is the most popular integrated circuit ever manufactured.
The NE555 parts were commercial temperature range, 0 °C to +70 °C, and
the SE555 part number designated the military temperature range, −55 °C to +125 °C. These
were available in both high-reliability metal can (T package) and inexpensive epoxy plastic
(V package) packages. Thus the full part numbers were NE555V, NE555T, SE555V, and

SE555T. It has been hypothesized that the 555 got its name from the three 5 kΩ resistors used
within, but Hans Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary.
3.4 RHEOSTAT:
The most common way to vary the resistance in a circuit is to use a rheostat. which is
a two-terminal variable resistor. The term "rheostat" is becoming obsolete with the general
term "potentiometer" replacing it. For low-power applications (less than about 1 watt) a
three-terminal potentiometer is often used, with one terminal unconnected or connected to the
wiper.
Where the rheostat must be rated for higher power (more than about 1 watt), it may be built
with a resistance wire wound around a semi-circular insulator, with the wiper sliding from
one turn of the wire to the next. Sometimes a rheostat is made from resistance wire wound on
a heat-resisting cylinder, with the slider made from a number of metal fingers that grip lightly
onto a small portion of the turns of resistance wire. The "fingers" can be moved along the coil
of resistance wire by a sliding knob thus changing the "tapping" point. Wire-wound rheostats
made with ratings up to several thousand watts are used in applications such as DC motor
drives, electric welding controls, or in the controls for generators. The rating of the rheostat is
given with the full resistance value and the allowable power dissipation is proportional to the
fraction of the total device resistance in circuit.
Symbol:
3.5 RESISTOR:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,

among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as
heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads
for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature,
time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a
volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or
chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated
circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial
resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal
value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.
Example:
Green,Brown, Red,Gold(colours bans left to right)
 Green=5, Brown=1, Red the third ring multiplier is 2 (two zero) we get resistor with
value of 5100 Ohms or 5.1K Ohms.
 The last colour band indicates that this resister has a tolerance of 5% therefore the
resistor value can range from 4.845K Ohms.
3.6 CAPACITOR:
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores
electrical energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While
capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors of a circuit in sufficiently close

proximity, a capacitor is specifically designed to provide and enhance this effect for a variety
of practical applications by consideration of size, shape, and positioning of closely spaced
conductors, and the intervening dielectric material. A capacitor was therefore historically first
known as an electric condenser.
Circuit Symbol:
3.7 DIODE:
In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts primarily
in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance to
the current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.
A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece
of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical
terminals. A vacuum tube diode has two electrodes, a plate (anode) and a heated cathode.
Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The first
semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, were made of mineral crystals such
as galena. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other semiconductors such
as selenium and germanium are sometimes used.
3.8 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n
junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy

in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 mm2 ) and integrated optical
components may be used to shape the radiation pattern.
3.9 IC CHIP ADC0808CCN:
In electronics, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, A–D, or A-to-D) is a system
that converts an analog signal, such as a sound picked up by a microphone or light entering
a digital camera, into a digital signal. An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement
such as an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital
number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current.
Typically the digital output is a two's complement binary number that is proportional
to the input, but there are other possibilities.
There are several ADC architectures. Due to the complexity and the need for precisely
matched components, all but the most specialized ADCs are implemented as integrated
circuits (ICs).

3.10 RELAY:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state
relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power
signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used
in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one
circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits
with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays
with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to
protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these
functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

3.11 LATCHING RELAY:
A latching relay (also called "impulse", "keep", or "stay" relays) maintains either
contact position indefinitely without power applied to the coil. The advantage is that one coil
consumes power only for an instant while the relay is being switched, and the relay contacts
retain this setting across a power outage. A latching relay allows remote control of building
lighting without the hum that may be produced from a continuously (AC) energized coil.
In one mechanism, two opposing coils with an over-center spring or permanent magnet hold
the contacts in position after the coil is de-energized. A pulse to one coil turns the relay on
and a pulse to the opposite coil turns the relay off. This type is widely used where control is
from simple switches or single-ended outputs of a control system, and such relays are found
in avionics and numerous industrial applications.
Another latching type has a remanent core that retains the contacts in the operated position by
the remanent magnetism in the core. This type requires a current pulse of opposite polarity to
release the contacts. A variation uses a permanent magnet that produces part of the force
required to close the contact; the coil supplies sufficient force to move the contact open or
closed by aiding or opposing the field of the permanent magnet. A polarity controlled relay
needs changeover switches or an H bridge drive circuit to control it. The relay may be less
expensive than other types, but this is partly offset by the increased costs in the external
circuit.

CHAPTER 4
INDIAN ACCIDENTS
4.1 CAUSE OF ACCIDENTS:
People driving under the influence of alcohol are commonly referred to as drunk
drivers, or drink-drivers. When charged with this as a crime, it may either be referred to as a
DUI (Driving Under the Influence) or a DWI (Driving While Intoxicated), where a DUI is
generally considered to be a lesser crime. Studies have been performed to identify
commonalities between severe drunk drivers. Laws are also in place to protect citizens from
the consequences incurred by drunk drivers.
Poisons, vehicle collisions and falls are the most common causes of fatal injuries.
According to a 2005 survey of injuries sustained at home, which used data from the National
Vital Statistics System of the United States National Center for Health Statistics, falls,
poisoning, and fire/burn injuries are the most common causes of death.
The United States also collects statistically valid injury data (sampled from 100 hospitals)
through the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System administered by the Consumer
Product Safety Commission. This program was revised in 2000 to include all injuries rather
than just injuries involving products. Data on emergency room visits is also collected through
the National Health Interview Survey. In The U.S. the Bureau of Labor Statistics has
available on their website extensive statistics on workplace accidents.

4.2 STATE WISE GRAPH:
One serious road accident in the country occurs every minute and 16 die on Indian roads
every hour.
 1214 road crashes occur every day in India.
 Two wheelers account for 25% of total road crash deaths.
 20 children under the age of 14 die every day due to road crashes in in the country.
 377 people die every day, equivalent to a jumbo jet crashing every day.
 Two people die every hour in Uttar Pradesh – State with maximum number of road
crash deaths.
 Uttar pradesh is the state with the maximum number of road crash injuries

4.3 OVERALL INDIAN ACCIDENTS:
An accident, also known as an unintentional injury, is an undesirable, incidental, and
unplanned event that could have been prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident
been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence. Most scientists who study
unintentional injury avoid using the term "accident" and focus on factors that increase risk of
severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity.
Road accidents are among the highest in India. In 2016, the recorded 1,46,133 and
1,39,671 recorded accidents in 2015, the highest in India. The U.P state also topped the list
of most accidents in a state for all previous ten years from 2006 to 2016. According to the
report of two experts published in the International Journal of Research in Management and
Technology, driving under the influence of alcohol accounts for 70 per cent of accident
fatalities in India. A few political leaders have vehemently opposed the state-run TASMAC
shops that sell alcohol and have called for a total prohibition of alcohol in the state, but
opposing governments have maintained that prohibition would lead to illegal liquor, which in
the past has claimed hundred of lives. The increase in number of vehicles from 82 lakh (8.2
million) in 2007 to 1.6crore (16 million) in 2016 without appreciable change in the road
infrastructure is also believed to the reason for most accidents.

5. CONCLUSION:
Ignition Interlock Devices make it impossible for intoxicated individuals to start a vehicle.
By this we can prevent loss of life due to drunken driving.
FUTURE ENHANCEMENT:
If we are able to embed the sensor in the steering of the vehicle the demerits in using
the sensor externally are recovered.

REFERENCES
1.)Chou, S.P., Grant, B.F., Dawson, D.A., Stinson, F.S., Saha, T., Pickering, R.P. 2006.
Twelve-month prevalence and changes in driving after drinking. United States, 1991-1992
and 2001-2002. Alcohol Research and Health, 29, 143-151.
2.) Elder, R.W., Shults, R.A., Sleet, D.A., Nichols, J.L., Zaza, S., Thompson, R.S. 2002.
Effectiveness of sobriety checkpoints for reducing alcohol-involved crashes. Traffic Injury
Prevention, 3, 266-74.
3.) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2003. National survey of drinking and
driving attitudes and behaviors, 2001. Traffic Tech, Number 280. Washington DC: National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
4.) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2008. Alcohol-Impaired Driving. 2007
data. Traffic Safety Facts. DOT HS 810 985. Washington DC: National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
5.) Newstead S.V., Narayan S., Cameron M.H., Farmer C.M. 2003. U.S. consumer crash
test results and injury risk in police-reported crashes, Traffic Injury Prevention, 4, 113–127.
6.) O’Neill, B. 2003. Improving vehicle safety: The role of regulation and Consumer
Information. Proceedings of the Safety Transport Solutions: Regulations and Practices
International Conference and Exposition. New Delhi, India.
7.) Pollard, J. K., Nadler, E. D., Stearns, M. D. 2007. Review of Technology to Prevent
Alcohol-Impaired Crashes (TOPIC). DOT HS 810 833, Washington, DC: National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
8.) Shults, R.A.; Elder, R.W.; Sleet, D.A.; Nichols, J.L.; and Alao, M.O. 2001. Reviews of
evidence regarding interventions to reduce alcohol-impaired driving. American Journal of
Preventive Medicine 21:66-88.

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