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1. Basal Ganglia

2.  The basal ganglia comprise a group of structures
that regulate the initiation of movements,
balance, eye movements, and posture.
 They are strongly connected to other motor areas
in the brain and link the thalamus with the motor
cortex.
 The basal ganglia are also involved in cognitive
and emotional behaviors and play an important
role in reward and reinforcement, addictive
behaviors and habit formation.

3.  A 2008 study by Das and colleagues that
approximately 5% of apparently healthy
middle–aged adults have micro–lesions in the
basal ganglia.
 Known clinically as silent cerebral infarcts
(SCI), these lesions have an overall prevalence
of about 10% in seemingly healthy adults.

4.  movement regulation
 skill learning
 habit formation
 reward systems

5.  The basal ganglia are particularly associated with
movement disorders such as Parkinson's and
Huntington's disease.
 In terms of cognitive disorders, basal ganglia
abnormalities have been found in individuals
with schizophrenia, and may explain habit
learning deficits associated with the disorder
(Keri, 2008).
 The basal ganglia may also contribute the
neuropathology of depression, particularly in
relation to the limbic system (Stathis and
colleagues, 2007).

6. • tremors
• involuntary muscle movements
• abnormal increase in muscle tone
• difficulty initiating movement
• abnormal posture

7. • caudate nucleus
• globus pallidus
• nucleus accumbens
• putamen
• substantia nigra
• subthalamic nucleus