Extensive Data Analytics on samples to understand Ocean Acidification process, a serious damage to ecosystem, increase in production of Carbon dioxide.

1. SOMA SEKHAR SRIADIBHATLA*1
CH.V.PADMA RAO,K.RAJA, P.V.LAXMI NARAYANA2
1.DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY,
2.DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS,
ANDHRA UNIVERSITY, VISAKHAPATNAM(INDIA)

2. OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
EXPERIMENTATION
PROCEDURES :
PROCEDURE I
PROCEDURE II
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
AKNOWLEDGEMENT AND REFERANCES

3. INTRODUCTION
 This paper focuses on ocean acidification and change in ocean
chemistry due to increasing carbon dioxide percentage due to various
anthropogenic sources.
 Oceans act as sink for carbon and they control the natural carbon cycle
through sea-air interface. As the carbon dioxide dissolves into ocean
the pH decreases due to formation of carbonic acid and release of
hydrogen ions into the medium.
 They maintain constant pH by carbonic acid- bicarbonate- carbonate
buffer i.e. the carbonate ions add to hydrogen ions to give bicarbonate
ions which are in turn available by dissolution of calcium carbonate.
 But due to increase in carbon dioxide, the medium becomes more
acidic and the carbonate ion concentration decreases which causes
decalcification and thus the marine organisms like coral, calms are
effected( coccoliths).

4. OBJECTIVES
To study the acidification of ocean( Bay of Bengal ) along
Visakhapatnam coast (urban).
To study the variation of carbonate & bi- carbonate ion strength
due to acidification thereby understanding decalcification. The
pH and concentration of carbonate and bi-carbonate ions are
studied in various samples of sea water collected from December
2010, January – August 2011.
To show the affinity of carbon dioxide towards sea water in
comparison with other water samples like municipal water, rain
water, and distilled water.

5. EXPERIMENTATION
 Sea water samples are collected from various points along beach i.e. on the
surface of sea ( a few centimeters depth). The samples are collected once in a
month from December2010, January to August 2011.
 The pH of these samples are studied using a pH meter which is calibrated
using buffer solutions of pH- 5.96 & 9.14 at 260 c temperature and
atmospheric pressure.
 Then the concentration of carbonate and bi-carbonate ions in these samples
are studied using standard titration method (volumetric analysis). The
indicators like phenolphthalein and methyl orange are used, and the
samples are titrated against 0.1N Hcl solution. The results are tabulated and
calculated for phenolphthalein alkalinity and methyl orange alkalinity from
which the concentration of carbonate ions and bi-carbonate ions are
calculated .
 The affinity of CO2 is studied against sea water, rain water , municipal water
and distilled water by pumping known amount of this gas generated from
reaction between 4g of NaHCO3 and 5ml of 11.6N Hcl, then the pH of these
samples are noted after stirring them with a glass rod. (The sea water
samples collected also include the samples collected during rain fall)

6. PROCEDURES
 PROCEDURE I
 Sea water samples are collected in polythene bottles .
 25 ml of sample is taken in a beaker .
 pH meter is calibrated with buffer solutions , temperature is set at 260 c.
 pH of the sample is checked and process is continued for three times and the
concurrent value is noted down, which gives the pH of sea water.
 PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION OF CARBONATE AND BI-
CARBONATE IONS CONCENTRATION:
 20 ml of sea water sample is pipette out into a conical flask .3-4 drops of
phenolphthalein are added to it.
 Burette is filled with 0.1N Hcl.
 The sea water sample in conical flask is titrated with 0.1N Hcl till the pink color just
disappears.
 The readings are noted down and repeated to get three concordant readings.
 20 ml of same sea water sample is taken in a conical flask and methyl orange
indicator is added to it.
 It is titrated using 0.1N Hcl till a red color is obtained.
 The observations are recorded and repeated to get three concordant readings, which
gives the volume of acid consumed.

7. PROCEDURE II:( AFFINITY OF CARBON-DIOXIDE TOWARDS
SEA WATER)
 Burette is filled with 11.6N Hcl .
 4g of NaHCO3 is taken in special apparatus( this is a volumetric flask
with burette inserted in to it and an opening to which a tube is attached
which passes through NH3 ( to remove un reacted Hcl) and is dipped
into sample to be analyzed.
 The pH of sample to be analyzed is measured.
 Now the acid is run down which releases CO2 which is pumped into
sample, i.e. sea water(20 ml).
 Then the sample is stirred with a glass rod and left for 15 seconds and
the pH of the sample is noted down.
 The same procedure is repeated for municipal water, rain water and
distilled water.
 The results are noted down and the difference is compared which gives
the affinity of carbon dioxide.

8. RESULTS
SAMPLE pH
SEA WATER 8.14
MUNICIPAL
WATER
7.85
DISTILLED
WATER
6.97
RAIN WATER 5.22
SAMPLE pH
SEA WATER 6.58
MUNICIPAL
WATER
7.15
DISTILLED
WATER
6.86
RAIN WATER 4.08
Table I : Affinity of carbon dioxide towards different samples.
pH of samples (before),collected( 20 ml) pH of samples after CO2 pumping
(Note: The readings were taken on 22nd march 2011 using pH meter at 260 c and atmospheric pressure.)
0
5
10
sea water municipal
water
distilled water rain water
before
after
difference
FIGURE ; showing the affinity of carbon dioxide toward sea water sample in
comparison to other water samples.

9. RESULTS
pH of sea water samples collected on December(2010), January to August(2011).
MONTH SAMPLE pH
DEC NO.1 8.14
JAN NO.2 8.14
FEB NO.3 8.14
MAR NO.4 8.14
APR NO.5 8.13
MAY NO.6 8.13
JUN NO.7 8.13
JUL NO.8 8.13
AUG NO.9 8.13
MONTH SAMPLE pH
JUN NO.10 8.11
JUL NO.11 8.12
AUG NO.12 8.12
(Note: These samples were collected on dry days; sample no 5,6,7,8,9
were collected from a different point i.e.in main city)
(Note: These samples were collected after rain)
8.09
8.1
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
samples
Ph
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTAION OF pH
OF VARIOUS SEA WATER SAMPLES.

10. RESULTS
SNO concentration
1 95ppm
2 94ppm
3 94ppm
4 94ppm
5 90ppm
6 90ppm
7 90ppm
8 90ppm
9 90ppm
10 84ppm
11 84ppm
12 84ppm
SNO concentration
1 58ppm
2 59ppm
3 59ppm
4 59ppm
5 61ppm
6 61ppm
7 61ppm
8 61ppm
9 61ppm
10 64ppm
11 65ppm
12 65ppm
CARBONATE IONS CONCENTRATION BICARBONATE IONS CONCENTRATION
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
concentration
samples
carbonate
bicarbonate
8.09
8.1
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
1 3 5 7 9 11
pH
samples
Ph

11. CONCLUSIONS
 The affinity of CO2 is more for sea water when compared to other
water samples.
 As the acidity of sea water increases the carbonate ion concentration
decreases.
 The concentration of bi-carbonate ion increases as the pH decreases
(due to carbonic acid formation).
 The pH of sea water samples collected soon after rain is less and the
concentration of carbonate ions concentration is also less than that of
samples collected on a dry day.
 Ocean acidification is taking place though a slow process, but the
situation has to be monitored and the best way is to reduce carbon
dioxide emissions or its sequestration.

12. REFERANCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 C.kalavati, studies on costal phytal ciliates from Visakhapatnam,india,
Asian Marine Biology.
 Jenny mill house, salt stimulated bicarbonate dependent
photosynthesis in marine angiosperm Zostera muelleni, journal of
experimental botany.
 Ocean acidification- decalcification, hoegh-guldberg.o.et
al,science,318,1732-1742(2007)
 Feely , NOAAs pacific marine environmental laboratory carbon
dioxide program
 Dr Lucinda spokes –environmental sciences, Norwich, UK.
 Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon
dioxide , royal society, London UK.
 Ocean acidification- National Research council.
 Experiments in applied chemistry , Sunita rattan.

13.  S.A.S.VANI, my mother.
 Department of Engineering chemistry, Andhra university
 Department of Nuclear physics, Andhra university
 NCCCM,BARC, Hyderabad( A.P)
 My classmates 4th year integrated MS(applied chemistry).
 Department of Marine chemistry, Andhra university.

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