2. SUB TOPICS:
• Definition of operating system
• Services provided by operating system.
• Types of O.S
• Features of Windows and Linux
• Files and Directories
• Internal and External Commands of DOS
• Batch Files
4. DEFINITION:
• A operating system is a program that acts as an
interface between the software and the computer
hardware.
• A operating system is a computer program that
manages the resources of a computer.
• An operating system is a software that communicates
with the hardware and allows other programs to run.
5. OBJECTIVES:
• To provide users a convenient interface to use the computer
system.
• Manage the resources of a computer system.
• Making a computer system convenient to use in an efficient
manner.
• The efficient and fair sharing of resources among users and
programs.
• To hide the details of the hardware resources from the users.
• To acts as an intermediary between the hardware and its users
and making it easier for the users to access and use other
6. CHARACTERISTICS:
• Operating system is a collection of programs those are
responsible for the execution of other programs.
• It is responsible for controlling all the input and output devices
those are connected to the system.
• It is responsible for running all the application software’s.
• Provides scheduling to various processors means allocates the
memory to various process those who want to execute.
• Provides the communication between the user and the system.
7. FEATURES:
1. Software and Hardware management
2. Constant API( Application Program Interface)
3. Execution of Programs
4. Interruptions
5. Managing Memory
6. Networking
7. Security
9. SOME OF THE IMPORTANT REASONS WHY DO WE
NEED AN OPERATING SYSTEM ARE AS FOLLOWS:
• Operating System provides an environment for running user
programs.
• It provides an interface to the user to communicate with the
system.
• User interacts with the computer through operating system in
order to accomplish his/her task since it is his primary
interface with a computer.
• It helps the user to understand the inner functions of a
computer very closely.
10.
11. COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM:
1. The hardware: CPU, Memory and Input/output devices.
2. The application programs: Word processors,
Spreadsheets,Compilers,Web Browsers Etc. are the examples
of application programs
3. Operational Users: Operational Users are the users
responsible for installation of the software (maintenance &
making available to the user).
4. End user: End Users are the actual users of the applications.
12. OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES:
• · Program execution
• · I/O operations
• · File System manipulation
• · Communication
• · Error Detection
• · Resource Allocation
• · Protection
13. • Program Execution :
Operating systems handle many kinds of activities from user
programs to system programs like printer spooler, name servers,
file server, etc. Each of these activities is encapsulated as a
process.
• Loads a program into memory
• Executes the program
• Handles program's execution
• Provides a mechanism for process synchronization
• Provides a mechanism for process communication
• Provides a mechanism for deadlock handling
14. I/O OPERATIONS:
• I/O operation means read or write operation with any file or
any specific I/O device.
• Operating system provides the access to the required I/O
device when required.
15. FILE SYSTEM MANIPULATION:
• Program needs to read a file or write a file.
• The operating system gives the permission to the program for
operation on file.
• Permission varies from read-only, read-write, denied, and so
on.
• Operating System provides an interface to the user to
create/delete files.
• Operating System provides an interface to the user to
create/delete directories.
• Operating System provides an interface to create the backup
16. COMMUNICATION:
Following are the major activities of an operating system with
respect to communication:
• Two processes often require data to be transferred between
them.
• Both the processes can be on one computer or on different
computers, but are connected through a computer network.
• Communication may be implemented by two methods, either
by Shared Memory or by Message Passing.
17. ERROR DETECTION:
• The OS constantly checks for possible errors.
• The OS takes an appropriate action to ensure correct and
consistent computing.
18. RESOURCE ALLOCATION
• The OS manages all kinds of resources using schedulers.
• CPU scheduling algorithms are used for better utilization of
CPU.
19. PROTECTION:
• The OS ensures that all access to system resources is
controlled.
• The OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected from
invalid access attempts.
• The OS provides authentication features for each user by
means of passwords.
20. ADVANTAGES OF O S :
• Direct hardware access.
• Fast in speed because it provides direct access of computer
hardware.
• Easy and complete memory use and
• Efficiency use of computer hardware
21. DISADVANTAGES OF O S:
• No back-up available.
• Unrestricted access.
• Deadlock problems
• Problems of memory data loss.
22.
23.
24. BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM:
• The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the
computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device
like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed
up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run
as a group. The programmers leave their programs with the operator
and the operator then sorts the programs with similar requirements
into batches . The problems with Batch Systems are as follows:
• Lack of interaction between the user and the job.
• CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices
is slower than the CPU.
• Difficult to provide the desired priority.
25. MULTIPROGRAMMING:
• Sharing the processor, when two or more programs reside in memory
at the same time, is referred as multiprogramming.
Multiprogramming assumes a single shared processor .
Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so
that the CPU always has one to execute.
• An OS does the following activities related to multiprogramming:
• The operating system keeps several jobs in memory at a time.
• This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job pool.
• The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs
in the memory.
• Multiprogramming operating systems monitor the state of all active
programs and system resources using memory management
26.
27. MULTIPROCESSING SYSTEM:
• It allows running a program on more than one CPU
simultaneously . This system is similar to multiprogramming
system , except that there is more than one CPU available.
• In most multiprocessor systems , the processors share a
common memory . Thus the user can view the system as if it
was a powerful single processor.
• Examples: linux , unix and windows.
28. MULTITHREADING:
• Multithreading is a technique in which a process executing an
application is divided into threads that can run concurrently.
• Thread: A dispatchable unit of work. A thread executes
sequentially and is interruptable so that the processor can turn
to another thread.
• Process: A collection of one or more threads and associated
system resources.
29. MULTITASKING OR TIMESHARING:
• Time sharing or Multi tasking is a logical Extension of
multiprogramming. Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU
switching between them , but the switches occur so frequently
that the users may interact with each program while running.
• Time sharing systems were developed to provide interactive
use of a computer at reasonable cost.
30. DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS:
• A distributed system is a collection of processors that do no
share memory or a clock . Instead each processor has its own
local memory and the processors communicate with each other
through various communication lines.
• The purpose of distributed system is to provide an efficient and
convenient environment for this type of sharing of resources.
31. REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM (RTOS):
• Real time operating system are used to control machinery ,
scientific instruments and industrial systems.
• An RTOS typically has very little user interface capability and no
end user utilities, since the system will be a sealed box when
delivered for use.