The document discusses Zimbabwe's economy from 2009-2014. It provides statistics on inflation, exchange rates, agriculture production, mining, manufacturing, GDP, population growth, and external debt. The economy struggled with hyperinflation after land reforms reduced agricultural production and exports. Food aid was needed as food production fell below requirements.
This document summarizes Turkey's livestock and red meat market. It provides statistics on animal populations and meat production from 2011. It shows cattle, sheep, goat, and buffalo numbers increased from 1991-2011. Meat production is highest from June to August and triples during Eid al-Adha. Animal and meat prices rose in 2011 in Turkish Lira, but some fell in USD due to currency changes. The document also outlines government support programs for the livestock industry, particularly the IPARD program, and recommends Konya as a suitable city for red meat production due to its large agricultural lands, incentives, and animal specialization zone.
Queensland's residential property markets are showing signs of recovery, with strong sales activity in southeast Queensland and many tourism centers. However, the mining regions are experiencing slower sales. House markets are strengthening across most areas except mining regions. Unit markets are also improving overall but lag behind houses. Rental vacancy rates decreased in most areas over the past quarter as demand increased, though mining regions still have high vacancies.
January 2015 Greater Boston Real Estate Market Trends ReportUnit Realty Group
Here’s January 2015’s Monthly Indicators report from the Greater Boston Association of Realtors®
Boston Real Estate Market Trends:
January home sales closed lower compared to last year as low inventory and end of month snow pushed off some closings. Median prices continued to go up as supply continues to be down. Sellers are waiting out Mother Nature to add their homes to the market keeping new listings down in January.
• January single-family home sales – UP +0.3% over last year and median prices UP +8.4% at $493,000
• January condo sales DOWN -18.5% and median prices UP +9.9% at $454,750
• Inventory in January DOWN -15.6% to 1,714 and condominiums DOWN -27.6% to 991
• SF listings added to the market in January DOWN -0.8% over last year. (753 from 759 in 2014)
• Condo listings added to the market DOWN -10.5% over last year. (674 from 753 in 2014)
Mark Kunce is a real estate agent serving the Greater Palm Springs Area, including Palm Springs, Rancho Mirage, Cathedral City, Palm Desert, Indian Wells, La Quinta, Indio, Coachella and Desert Hot Springs. The document provides a housing report with statistics on listings, sales, prices and inventory for July 2020 compared to July 2019 for these cities. Overall, active listings were down 32.78% in the Coachella Valley while detached home median prices fell 10.2% and attached home prices fell 2.1%.
Jim Wiesemeyer - Washington Update: Will Dysfunctional Washington Ever FunctionJohn Blue
Washington Update: Will Dysfunctional Washington Ever Function - Jim Wiesemeyer, Informa Economics, from the 2014 Iowa Pork Congress, January 22-23, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-iowa-pork-congress
- Housing sales in Calgary decreased in July year-over-year, while new listings and active listings increased, improving market absorption. Attached home listings saw the largest year-over-year increase. The average single family home price in Calgary dropped to just over $545,000 in July.
- Sales of higher-priced homes ($700,000-$799,000 and over $1.5M) decreased the most, accounting for the erosion of Calgary's average home price. The average days on market for single family homes increased slightly from 35 to 40 days year-over-year.
- Several Alberta economic indicators slowed in recent months, including GDP growth, retail sales, and weekly earnings, while unemployment
Inflation for 2020 was the lowest in 16 years and the second lowest in 51 yearsSABC News
The December 2020 Consumer Price Index (CPI) release concludes the data points for the entire calendar year. The average annual inflation rate for 2020 was 3,3%. This is the lowest annual average rate since 2004 (1,4%) and the second lowest since 1969 (3,0%).
This document summarizes Turkey's livestock and red meat market. It provides statistics on animal populations and meat production from 2011. It shows cattle, sheep, goat, and buffalo numbers increased from 1991-2011. Meat production is highest from June to August and triples during Eid al-Adha. Animal and meat prices rose in 2011 in Turkish Lira, but some fell in USD due to currency changes. The document also outlines government support programs for the livestock industry, particularly the IPARD program, and recommends Konya as a suitable city for red meat production due to its large agricultural lands, incentives, and animal specialization zone.
Queensland's residential property markets are showing signs of recovery, with strong sales activity in southeast Queensland and many tourism centers. However, the mining regions are experiencing slower sales. House markets are strengthening across most areas except mining regions. Unit markets are also improving overall but lag behind houses. Rental vacancy rates decreased in most areas over the past quarter as demand increased, though mining regions still have high vacancies.
January 2015 Greater Boston Real Estate Market Trends ReportUnit Realty Group
Here’s January 2015’s Monthly Indicators report from the Greater Boston Association of Realtors®
Boston Real Estate Market Trends:
January home sales closed lower compared to last year as low inventory and end of month snow pushed off some closings. Median prices continued to go up as supply continues to be down. Sellers are waiting out Mother Nature to add their homes to the market keeping new listings down in January.
• January single-family home sales – UP +0.3% over last year and median prices UP +8.4% at $493,000
• January condo sales DOWN -18.5% and median prices UP +9.9% at $454,750
• Inventory in January DOWN -15.6% to 1,714 and condominiums DOWN -27.6% to 991
• SF listings added to the market in January DOWN -0.8% over last year. (753 from 759 in 2014)
• Condo listings added to the market DOWN -10.5% over last year. (674 from 753 in 2014)
Mark Kunce is a real estate agent serving the Greater Palm Springs Area, including Palm Springs, Rancho Mirage, Cathedral City, Palm Desert, Indian Wells, La Quinta, Indio, Coachella and Desert Hot Springs. The document provides a housing report with statistics on listings, sales, prices and inventory for July 2020 compared to July 2019 for these cities. Overall, active listings were down 32.78% in the Coachella Valley while detached home median prices fell 10.2% and attached home prices fell 2.1%.
Jim Wiesemeyer - Washington Update: Will Dysfunctional Washington Ever FunctionJohn Blue
Washington Update: Will Dysfunctional Washington Ever Function - Jim Wiesemeyer, Informa Economics, from the 2014 Iowa Pork Congress, January 22-23, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-iowa-pork-congress
- Housing sales in Calgary decreased in July year-over-year, while new listings and active listings increased, improving market absorption. Attached home listings saw the largest year-over-year increase. The average single family home price in Calgary dropped to just over $545,000 in July.
- Sales of higher-priced homes ($700,000-$799,000 and over $1.5M) decreased the most, accounting for the erosion of Calgary's average home price. The average days on market for single family homes increased slightly from 35 to 40 days year-over-year.
- Several Alberta economic indicators slowed in recent months, including GDP growth, retail sales, and weekly earnings, while unemployment
Inflation for 2020 was the lowest in 16 years and the second lowest in 51 yearsSABC News
The December 2020 Consumer Price Index (CPI) release concludes the data points for the entire calendar year. The average annual inflation rate for 2020 was 3,3%. This is the lowest annual average rate since 2004 (1,4%) and the second lowest since 1969 (3,0%).
SLIDE 1
Introduction
SLIDE 2
Zimbabwe is located at the southern part of the continent sharing its border with South Africa and Zambia
SLIDE 3
FLOW OF THE PRESENTATION
SLIDE 4
HISTORY
SLIDE 5
Political situation of Zimbabwe was similar to that of India. It suffered from british colonialism, like we had gandhiji as the pioneer of independence , they had Robert mugabe as a national hero who played a vital role in makind Zimbabwe independent from the glitches of the britishers
SLIDE 6
The post independent story Zimbabwe consisted of Robert mugabe being assigned to the post of prime minister and after a rule of 7 years he gained the presidentship of Zimbabwe in 1987
SLIDE 7
POLITICAL UPHEAVAL: the basic political reasons that led to the degradation of politics in Zimbabwe
SLIDE 8
Project murambitswina was a major cause of resentment amongst the people as under this project , in the wake of cleaning Zimbabwe of poverty and diseases, he actually inflicted terror upon the people and tortured the local populace . this project was a major cause for fuelling the hatred amongst the Zimbabweans
SLIDE 9
Instead of advising mugabe to stop the violence on the population , the then south African prime minister Mbeki maintained a QUIET DIPLOMACY to not involve in the issues of Zimbabwe.
SLIDE 10
Due to the reasons mentioned there was an overall movement and people within and beyond Zimbabwe wanted mugabe to be removed from power
SLIDE 11
Due to the strong opposition of mugabe the internal politics of Zimbabwe grew active and more and more political groups started to form a strong anti mugabe political party to contest in the elections that were goin to be held
SLIDE 12
The main opposition party against mugabe was MDC . mugabe feared that he would loose power and started inflicting physical harm on the opposition leaders and party members.
SLIDE 13
In his last pathetic efforts to win the elections, he manipulated the election process by corrupting the election officers and thus finding an easy solution to his problems.
SLIDE 14
Despite the efforts laid by mugabe to gain dominance over Zimbabwe he lost the election as MDC won 105 seats while mugabe won 93 seats…a clear indicator of the miserable defeat faced by ZANU P.F.
SLIDE 15
But due to the loss in the elections , mugabe was totally frustrated and didn’t want to leave the power over Zimbabwe so he declared the elections to be void and carried out in a corrupted manner and retained power
SLIDE 16
So we can definitely infer that mugabe became despotic and is dismantling the constitution thus indirectly pushing Zimbabwe into the slumber it experienced before independence
SLIDE 17
Till date mugabe’s dictatorial rule prevails in Zimbabwe. In world conferences he proudly talks about the prosperity of Zimbabweans but the prosperity that they actually experience will be realized only after we go through the economic position of Zimbabwe and the factors or decisions or shuld I say, blunders that contributed to its downfall
SLIDE 18
THE ECONOMIC BLUNDERS:
SLIDE 19
A brief account of the economic blunders can be summarized as follows:-
Inconsistency of exchange rates
Freezing basic commodity prices
Nationalize sectors of economy without compensation
Black markets
Land expropriation, obviation of property rights, and unrealistic price control
SLIDE 20
Inconsistency of exchange rates
Black markets of currency exchange sold their currency at a very cheaper rate than the fixed rates by government and so the value of their currency reduced drastically as time passed by.
SLIDE 21
Freezing basic commodity prices
Maintained subsidies and price controls for key commodities:-
Mugabe freezed the basic commodity prices at a fixed level. He allowed no one to increase the prices. The persons increasing the prices would be arrested…. He didn’t allow any price to be changed irrespe
Zimbabwe experienced a severe economic crisis in the 2000s due to high unemployment, AIDS epidemic, and declines in key industries like agriculture, manufacturing, mining and tourism. Agriculture was particularly hard hit, with wheat production falling from 300,000 tons in 1990 to less than 50,000 tons in 2007, and tobacco exports generating much less revenue. Hyperinflation also took hold as the government printed more money, and inflation rose out of control, eroding living standards. To recover, Zimbabwe would need to stabilize its currency by linking it to the US dollar or adopting a currency board system, cut government spending, and deregulate its economy.
International Financial Policy-Dollarization in MexicoXintong Hou
The project plan outlines delivering a service to meet client requirements, identifies key success factors like satisfying stakeholders and meeting objectives on time and budget, and describes implementation through tasks, procedures, tools, and change control alongside required people, equipment, and location resources.
Application of the principles of Sustainable Intensification (SI) on smallhol...ILRI
Presented by G.J. Manyawu, P. Thorne, S. Moyo, A. Omore, B. Lukuyu, H. Katjiuongua, I. Wright and I. Chakoma at the 9th African Dairy Conference and Exhibition Harare, Zimbabwe, 24-26 September 2013
Zimbabwe's Land and Agrarian Policy: A Sustainable Livelihoods Approachtchagutah
The document discusses Zimbabwe's land and agrarian policy since independence in 1980. It analyzes the policy using the sustainable livelihoods approach, which sees poverty as related to lack of assets and insecure living conditions. The policy initially used market-based land acquisition but then shifted to expropriation to acquire more suitable land for resettlement. Beneficiary selection recognized assets beyond agriculture. However, resettlement sometimes broke social bonds and placed people in areas lacking infrastructure, impacting livelihoods.
This document summarizes a study conducted on donors to an anonymous arts organization in Sydney, Australia. Researchers conducted a focus group with 8 donors selected from the organization's 325 current donors. The focus group discussed donor attitudes towards charities, awareness of and motives for supporting the arts organization, expectations for involvement, perceptions of communications and programs, intentions for future involvement, and ideas for improving donor relationships. Key findings include that donors support charities with time and money, are more aware of productions than education programs, are motivated by performances and education programs, expect more special treatment and access to information, perceive programs positively but communications need improvement, intend to remain engaged, and think improved communications, media coverage, packages and incentives could strengthen relationships. Researchers
The document discusses the history and development of feminist theatre, particularly as it relates to black women. It describes how early feminist theatre was dominated by white women and did not adequately address issues of race and class. It then focuses on the Theatre of Black Women, a feminist theatre company founded in 1982 in Britain with the aim of giving artistic expression to the experiences of black women, past and present. The company staged several productions over its existence before disbanding in 1988 due to financial difficulties.
This document compares Ethiopia and Zimbabwe across environmental, demographic, and economic factors. It examines each country's forest area, available water, population size and characteristics, GDP, and unemployment. The document is sourced from 2012 CIA World Factbook entries for Ethiopia and Zimbabwe that provide facts about each nation's environment, people, and economy.
1. Zimbabwe was once a breadbasket exporting agricultural commodities but its economy has declined since 2000 due to lack of development assistance and low economic activity.
2. Domestic resource mobilization is now key for economic growth but faces challenges including low savings, capital flight, a large informal sector, and poor tax administration.
3. Improving domestic resource mobilization in Zimbabwe will require expanding the tax base through technologies like mobile money, rationalizing tax incentives, and improving tax collection and savings in the informal sector.
Understanding the political economy of zimbabwe Simon Mulongo
This document provides background on the political economy of Zimbabwe before and during Robert Mugabe's government. It discusses Zimbabwe's strong economic growth after independence in 1980, followed by economic decline in the 1990s due to structural adjustment programs. Land reforms in the late 1990s aimed to redistribute white-owned land to black farmers but many lacked experience, resulting in collapsed food production, manufacturing, and high unemployment through 2009. The document examines political tensions between ZANU-PF and rivals driven by Mugabe's desire to maintain revolutionary spirit and regime survival, posing challenges for democracy and human rights.
This document discusses factors to consider when selecting a bull for your beef cattle herd. It emphasizes the importance of bull selection, as each bull can sire 20-40 calves over its lifetime. Key criteria for selection include physical evaluation of structural soundness, health, and performance records. Expected progeny differences (EPDs) provide genetic information on traits like birth weight, weaning weight, and milk production. The document provides an example showing how selecting a bull with higher weaning weight EPD could result in increased profits over 5 years. It also briefly discusses heterosis and designing crossbreeding systems to match market and farm resources.
African countries have been experiencing dietary diversification towards more meats non-traditional staples. What are the implications of African countries'policy and regulatory environments on promoting growth in this industry?
Commercial theatre, like Broadway productions, operate as for-profit businesses with producers raising capital to mount productions. Producers negotiate union contracts and aim to earn a profit after paying a weekly nut of $400,000 or more. The Phantom of the Opera is a highly successful example, earning over $900 million nationally and $4.2 billion internationally over 25 years. Other categories include not-for-profit Off-Broadway, Off-Off Broadway, and regional theatre which operate on grants and donations instead of solely to earn a profit.
Zimbabwe experienced extreme hyperinflation between 2007 and 2008. The value of the Zimbabwe dollar plummeted rapidly, requiring the government to introduce banknotes with higher and higher denominations, reaching values of 100 billion dollars and higher. Despite removing 10 zeros from the currency value in August 2008, inflation continued to skyrocket and the Zimbabwe dollar lost all value, necessitating the use of foreign currencies in the country.
the impact of multi-currency (dollarization) regime adoption on the liquidit...Takudzwa Dhliwayo
This document provides background information on the research study conducted by Dhliwayo Takudzwa. The study aims to analyze the impact of Zimbabwe's adoption of a multi-currency regime in 2009 on the liquidity challenges faced by Zimbabwean banks from 2009 to 2014. It outlines the research objectives, which include determining the causes of liquidity crisis, evaluating the impact on economic growth, examining liquidity risk management procedures, and ascertaining the impact of capitalization and possible corrective measures. The methodology included surveys of 11 commercial banks, economists, and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe using questionnaires and interviews. Secondary data was also obtained from published sources. Key findings revealed that major causes of liquidity crisis included the absence of a
Globalization is the increasing interconnectedness between countries through international trade and cultural exchange. It has increased rapidly in the last 50 years as improvements in technology and transportation have lowered barriers to trade. Major companies have expanded internationally and become multinational corporations, and goods and services are increasingly produced on a global scale for international markets. Hollywood films in particular have found success globally, and now represent over half of box office receipts in many major international markets, showing the convergence of popular tastes internationally, though against a backdrop of some local cultural differences remaining.
The causes and effects of fall in oil prices on Nigeria economy.Tofu Ojo
Oil was discovered in Nigeria in 1956 by Shell-BP. After 1960, exploration rights were extended to other foreign companies. Nigeria is an OPEC member and a major oil producing country. Factors like production levels, natural disasters, and climate affect fluctuations in oil prices. A continued fall in prices would have negative effects on Nigeria's import-dependent economy, potentially causing riots and rebellions. Solutions recommended include diversifying the economy, reducing government costs, and increasing taxes.
Zimbabwe Hyperinflation: A Brief Overview of What Happenedbuyzimbabwedollars
This presentation provides a brief overview of what happened during the Zimbabwe hyperinflation episode of 2008. A mix of political corruption, reckless government spending, low economic output, ridiculous monetary policy, and egregious debt monetization led to the downfall of Zimbabwe's national currency. This presentation explains why.
Key Terms:
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe dollars
Zimbabwe hyperinflation
Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe
Buy Zimbabwe dollars
Buy Zimbabwe currency
1) 'Bunkering' refers to the illegal practice in Nigeria of tapping into oil pipelines to steal oil, with estimates that 10% of Nigeria's annual oil production is lost this way.
2) Nigeria underwent economic reforms between 2007-2015 focused on fiscal discipline, privatization, reducing fuel subsidies, and anti-corruption efforts.
3) Key drivers of reform included Obasanjo's election, years of growth, high oil prices, and business interests of political elites wanting to dismantle state enterprises. However, challenges remain in strengthening accountability and generating wider benefits from reforms.
This document is an annual trends and outlook report by IFPRI/Badiane focusing on trade and resilience in Africa. It contains the following key points:
1) It analyzes progress against CAADP growth and budget targets for agriculture at the regional economic community and country levels in Africa.
2) It examines how regional trade can boost resilience in Africa by increasing incomes, stabilizing supply and prices, and diversifying exports.
3) It explores how global trade also enhances resilience in Africa through price stabilization and reduced supply volatility compared to domestic markets.
The document discusses several key concepts related to measuring national income:
- National income is the total income in a nation and can increase (economic growth) or decrease (recession).
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the total value of goods and services produced domestically and includes consumption, investment, government spending, exports, and imports.
- GDP can be measured at market prices or factor costs after adjusting for subsidies and indirect taxes.
SLIDE 1
Introduction
SLIDE 2
Zimbabwe is located at the southern part of the continent sharing its border with South Africa and Zambia
SLIDE 3
FLOW OF THE PRESENTATION
SLIDE 4
HISTORY
SLIDE 5
Political situation of Zimbabwe was similar to that of India. It suffered from british colonialism, like we had gandhiji as the pioneer of independence , they had Robert mugabe as a national hero who played a vital role in makind Zimbabwe independent from the glitches of the britishers
SLIDE 6
The post independent story Zimbabwe consisted of Robert mugabe being assigned to the post of prime minister and after a rule of 7 years he gained the presidentship of Zimbabwe in 1987
SLIDE 7
POLITICAL UPHEAVAL: the basic political reasons that led to the degradation of politics in Zimbabwe
SLIDE 8
Project murambitswina was a major cause of resentment amongst the people as under this project , in the wake of cleaning Zimbabwe of poverty and diseases, he actually inflicted terror upon the people and tortured the local populace . this project was a major cause for fuelling the hatred amongst the Zimbabweans
SLIDE 9
Instead of advising mugabe to stop the violence on the population , the then south African prime minister Mbeki maintained a QUIET DIPLOMACY to not involve in the issues of Zimbabwe.
SLIDE 10
Due to the reasons mentioned there was an overall movement and people within and beyond Zimbabwe wanted mugabe to be removed from power
SLIDE 11
Due to the strong opposition of mugabe the internal politics of Zimbabwe grew active and more and more political groups started to form a strong anti mugabe political party to contest in the elections that were goin to be held
SLIDE 12
The main opposition party against mugabe was MDC . mugabe feared that he would loose power and started inflicting physical harm on the opposition leaders and party members.
SLIDE 13
In his last pathetic efforts to win the elections, he manipulated the election process by corrupting the election officers and thus finding an easy solution to his problems.
SLIDE 14
Despite the efforts laid by mugabe to gain dominance over Zimbabwe he lost the election as MDC won 105 seats while mugabe won 93 seats…a clear indicator of the miserable defeat faced by ZANU P.F.
SLIDE 15
But due to the loss in the elections , mugabe was totally frustrated and didn’t want to leave the power over Zimbabwe so he declared the elections to be void and carried out in a corrupted manner and retained power
SLIDE 16
So we can definitely infer that mugabe became despotic and is dismantling the constitution thus indirectly pushing Zimbabwe into the slumber it experienced before independence
SLIDE 17
Till date mugabe’s dictatorial rule prevails in Zimbabwe. In world conferences he proudly talks about the prosperity of Zimbabweans but the prosperity that they actually experience will be realized only after we go through the economic position of Zimbabwe and the factors or decisions or shuld I say, blunders that contributed to its downfall
SLIDE 18
THE ECONOMIC BLUNDERS:
SLIDE 19
A brief account of the economic blunders can be summarized as follows:-
Inconsistency of exchange rates
Freezing basic commodity prices
Nationalize sectors of economy without compensation
Black markets
Land expropriation, obviation of property rights, and unrealistic price control
SLIDE 20
Inconsistency of exchange rates
Black markets of currency exchange sold their currency at a very cheaper rate than the fixed rates by government and so the value of their currency reduced drastically as time passed by.
SLIDE 21
Freezing basic commodity prices
Maintained subsidies and price controls for key commodities:-
Mugabe freezed the basic commodity prices at a fixed level. He allowed no one to increase the prices. The persons increasing the prices would be arrested…. He didn’t allow any price to be changed irrespe
Zimbabwe experienced a severe economic crisis in the 2000s due to high unemployment, AIDS epidemic, and declines in key industries like agriculture, manufacturing, mining and tourism. Agriculture was particularly hard hit, with wheat production falling from 300,000 tons in 1990 to less than 50,000 tons in 2007, and tobacco exports generating much less revenue. Hyperinflation also took hold as the government printed more money, and inflation rose out of control, eroding living standards. To recover, Zimbabwe would need to stabilize its currency by linking it to the US dollar or adopting a currency board system, cut government spending, and deregulate its economy.
International Financial Policy-Dollarization in MexicoXintong Hou
The project plan outlines delivering a service to meet client requirements, identifies key success factors like satisfying stakeholders and meeting objectives on time and budget, and describes implementation through tasks, procedures, tools, and change control alongside required people, equipment, and location resources.
Application of the principles of Sustainable Intensification (SI) on smallhol...ILRI
Presented by G.J. Manyawu, P. Thorne, S. Moyo, A. Omore, B. Lukuyu, H. Katjiuongua, I. Wright and I. Chakoma at the 9th African Dairy Conference and Exhibition Harare, Zimbabwe, 24-26 September 2013
Zimbabwe's Land and Agrarian Policy: A Sustainable Livelihoods Approachtchagutah
The document discusses Zimbabwe's land and agrarian policy since independence in 1980. It analyzes the policy using the sustainable livelihoods approach, which sees poverty as related to lack of assets and insecure living conditions. The policy initially used market-based land acquisition but then shifted to expropriation to acquire more suitable land for resettlement. Beneficiary selection recognized assets beyond agriculture. However, resettlement sometimes broke social bonds and placed people in areas lacking infrastructure, impacting livelihoods.
This document summarizes a study conducted on donors to an anonymous arts organization in Sydney, Australia. Researchers conducted a focus group with 8 donors selected from the organization's 325 current donors. The focus group discussed donor attitudes towards charities, awareness of and motives for supporting the arts organization, expectations for involvement, perceptions of communications and programs, intentions for future involvement, and ideas for improving donor relationships. Key findings include that donors support charities with time and money, are more aware of productions than education programs, are motivated by performances and education programs, expect more special treatment and access to information, perceive programs positively but communications need improvement, intend to remain engaged, and think improved communications, media coverage, packages and incentives could strengthen relationships. Researchers
The document discusses the history and development of feminist theatre, particularly as it relates to black women. It describes how early feminist theatre was dominated by white women and did not adequately address issues of race and class. It then focuses on the Theatre of Black Women, a feminist theatre company founded in 1982 in Britain with the aim of giving artistic expression to the experiences of black women, past and present. The company staged several productions over its existence before disbanding in 1988 due to financial difficulties.
This document compares Ethiopia and Zimbabwe across environmental, demographic, and economic factors. It examines each country's forest area, available water, population size and characteristics, GDP, and unemployment. The document is sourced from 2012 CIA World Factbook entries for Ethiopia and Zimbabwe that provide facts about each nation's environment, people, and economy.
1. Zimbabwe was once a breadbasket exporting agricultural commodities but its economy has declined since 2000 due to lack of development assistance and low economic activity.
2. Domestic resource mobilization is now key for economic growth but faces challenges including low savings, capital flight, a large informal sector, and poor tax administration.
3. Improving domestic resource mobilization in Zimbabwe will require expanding the tax base through technologies like mobile money, rationalizing tax incentives, and improving tax collection and savings in the informal sector.
Understanding the political economy of zimbabwe Simon Mulongo
This document provides background on the political economy of Zimbabwe before and during Robert Mugabe's government. It discusses Zimbabwe's strong economic growth after independence in 1980, followed by economic decline in the 1990s due to structural adjustment programs. Land reforms in the late 1990s aimed to redistribute white-owned land to black farmers but many lacked experience, resulting in collapsed food production, manufacturing, and high unemployment through 2009. The document examines political tensions between ZANU-PF and rivals driven by Mugabe's desire to maintain revolutionary spirit and regime survival, posing challenges for democracy and human rights.
This document discusses factors to consider when selecting a bull for your beef cattle herd. It emphasizes the importance of bull selection, as each bull can sire 20-40 calves over its lifetime. Key criteria for selection include physical evaluation of structural soundness, health, and performance records. Expected progeny differences (EPDs) provide genetic information on traits like birth weight, weaning weight, and milk production. The document provides an example showing how selecting a bull with higher weaning weight EPD could result in increased profits over 5 years. It also briefly discusses heterosis and designing crossbreeding systems to match market and farm resources.
African countries have been experiencing dietary diversification towards more meats non-traditional staples. What are the implications of African countries'policy and regulatory environments on promoting growth in this industry?
Commercial theatre, like Broadway productions, operate as for-profit businesses with producers raising capital to mount productions. Producers negotiate union contracts and aim to earn a profit after paying a weekly nut of $400,000 or more. The Phantom of the Opera is a highly successful example, earning over $900 million nationally and $4.2 billion internationally over 25 years. Other categories include not-for-profit Off-Broadway, Off-Off Broadway, and regional theatre which operate on grants and donations instead of solely to earn a profit.
Zimbabwe experienced extreme hyperinflation between 2007 and 2008. The value of the Zimbabwe dollar plummeted rapidly, requiring the government to introduce banknotes with higher and higher denominations, reaching values of 100 billion dollars and higher. Despite removing 10 zeros from the currency value in August 2008, inflation continued to skyrocket and the Zimbabwe dollar lost all value, necessitating the use of foreign currencies in the country.
the impact of multi-currency (dollarization) regime adoption on the liquidit...Takudzwa Dhliwayo
This document provides background information on the research study conducted by Dhliwayo Takudzwa. The study aims to analyze the impact of Zimbabwe's adoption of a multi-currency regime in 2009 on the liquidity challenges faced by Zimbabwean banks from 2009 to 2014. It outlines the research objectives, which include determining the causes of liquidity crisis, evaluating the impact on economic growth, examining liquidity risk management procedures, and ascertaining the impact of capitalization and possible corrective measures. The methodology included surveys of 11 commercial banks, economists, and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe using questionnaires and interviews. Secondary data was also obtained from published sources. Key findings revealed that major causes of liquidity crisis included the absence of a
Globalization is the increasing interconnectedness between countries through international trade and cultural exchange. It has increased rapidly in the last 50 years as improvements in technology and transportation have lowered barriers to trade. Major companies have expanded internationally and become multinational corporations, and goods and services are increasingly produced on a global scale for international markets. Hollywood films in particular have found success globally, and now represent over half of box office receipts in many major international markets, showing the convergence of popular tastes internationally, though against a backdrop of some local cultural differences remaining.
The causes and effects of fall in oil prices on Nigeria economy.Tofu Ojo
Oil was discovered in Nigeria in 1956 by Shell-BP. After 1960, exploration rights were extended to other foreign companies. Nigeria is an OPEC member and a major oil producing country. Factors like production levels, natural disasters, and climate affect fluctuations in oil prices. A continued fall in prices would have negative effects on Nigeria's import-dependent economy, potentially causing riots and rebellions. Solutions recommended include diversifying the economy, reducing government costs, and increasing taxes.
Zimbabwe Hyperinflation: A Brief Overview of What Happenedbuyzimbabwedollars
This presentation provides a brief overview of what happened during the Zimbabwe hyperinflation episode of 2008. A mix of political corruption, reckless government spending, low economic output, ridiculous monetary policy, and egregious debt monetization led to the downfall of Zimbabwe's national currency. This presentation explains why.
Key Terms:
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe dollars
Zimbabwe hyperinflation
Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe
Buy Zimbabwe dollars
Buy Zimbabwe currency
1) 'Bunkering' refers to the illegal practice in Nigeria of tapping into oil pipelines to steal oil, with estimates that 10% of Nigeria's annual oil production is lost this way.
2) Nigeria underwent economic reforms between 2007-2015 focused on fiscal discipline, privatization, reducing fuel subsidies, and anti-corruption efforts.
3) Key drivers of reform included Obasanjo's election, years of growth, high oil prices, and business interests of political elites wanting to dismantle state enterprises. However, challenges remain in strengthening accountability and generating wider benefits from reforms.
This document is an annual trends and outlook report by IFPRI/Badiane focusing on trade and resilience in Africa. It contains the following key points:
1) It analyzes progress against CAADP growth and budget targets for agriculture at the regional economic community and country levels in Africa.
2) It examines how regional trade can boost resilience in Africa by increasing incomes, stabilizing supply and prices, and diversifying exports.
3) It explores how global trade also enhances resilience in Africa through price stabilization and reduced supply volatility compared to domestic markets.
The document discusses several key concepts related to measuring national income:
- National income is the total income in a nation and can increase (economic growth) or decrease (recession).
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the total value of goods and services produced domestically and includes consumption, investment, government spending, exports, and imports.
- GDP can be measured at market prices or factor costs after adjusting for subsidies and indirect taxes.
World: Cinnamon (Canella) - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2025IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox has just published its report: “World: Cinnamon (Canella) - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2025”. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the global cinnamon market. Within it, you will find the latest data on market trends and opportunities by country, consumption and production, food balance and price developments, as well as global trade (imports and exports). The forecast reveals market prospects to 2025.
State of Oregon's quarterly economic and revenue forecast release. Still no personal income tax kicker in the baseline, however the threshold is razor thin with one income tax filing season to go. There is a corporate kicker in the forecast, which will be dedicated to education next biennium. This forecast also forms the base of the Governor's Recommended Budget for the 2015-17 biennium.
Mozambique: Meat - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2025IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox has just published its report: “Mozambique: Meat - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2025”. The report provides an in-depth analysis of the meat market in Mozambique. It presents the latest data of the market value, consumption, domestic production, exports and imports, price dynamics and food balance. The report shows the sales data, allowing you to identify the key drivers and restraints. You can find here a strategic analysis of key factors influencing the market. Forecasts illustrate how the market will be transformed in the medium term.
Africa: Meat and Poultry – Market Report. Analysis and Forecast to 2025 IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox has just published its report: “Africa: Meat and Poultry – Market Report. Analysis and Forecast to 2025”.
The report provides an in-depth analysis of the African market of meat and poultry. It presents the latest data of the market value, consumption, domestic production, exports and imports, price dynamics and food balance. The report shows the sales data, allowing you to identify the key drivers and restraints. Forecasts illustrate how the market will be transformed in the medium term. Profiles of the leading producers are also included.
This document provides a summary of common mistakes made on the AP Macroeconomics exam. It begins by explaining the differences between changes in demand versus quantity demanded, and changes in supply versus quantity supplied. It then discusses mislabeling graphs and confusing related macroeconomic concepts like the multiplier, inflation types, and interest rates. The document concludes by providing general exam advice such as using correct terminology and explaining reasoning.
The document provides an economic outlook and analysis for various regions including globally, the US, Canada, and Ontario. It summarizes recent economic growth trends, risks, currency movements, housing, labor, and other indicators. Growth is expected to remain modest globally and many regions face challenges from slowing emerging markets, currency appreciation, weak commodity prices, and lack of pent-up consumer demand. [END SUMMARY]
YourFoodJob.com is the market-leading job board dedicated to food and drink manufacturing in the UK. It launched in 2006 and has become the #1 site for food and drink jobs in the UK, attracting over 70,000 unique visitors per month. It supports both large companies as well as start-ups and challenger brands in attracting talent for technical, quality assurance, product development, production, and other roles. Employers benefit from its large candidate database and high search engine rankings.
 2014 Winnipeg and Manitoba Housing Market OutlookMBHomeBuilders
This document provides an overview of housing market intelligence for Manitoba and Winnipeg. It includes statistics and forecasts on the provincial and Winnipeg economies, demographics, housing starts, sales, prices and ownership costs. The economy is projected to continue steady growth. Housing starts are forecast to increase moderately while resale market sales and prices rise at a slower pace. Population growth, particularly among demographics that typically purchase multi-family homes, supports continued strength in that segment of the market.
This document provides an overview of housing market intelligence for Manitoba and Winnipeg. It includes statistics and forecasts on the provincial and Winnipeg economies, demographics, housing starts, sales, prices and ownership costs. The economy is projected to continue steady growth. Housing starts are forecast to increase moderately while resale market sales and prices rise at a slower pace. Population growth, particularly among demographics that typically purchase multi-family homes, supports continued strength in the condominium and apartment segments.
Economic and Financial Outlook - Leslie Preston - TD EconomistWPCoC
This document provides an economic outlook and analysis from TD Economics. It summarizes recent global, US, Canadian and regional economic performance and forecasts. Key points include ongoing struggles for the global economy to accelerate, varied regional growth patterns, China's economic rebalancing, a rebounding US economy, modest Canadian growth supported by exports and consumers, and housing market resilience with slowing price gains. Risks to the outlook include geopolitical issues while upside potential exists if other economies improve more than expected.
World: Salt And Pure Sodium Chloride - Market Report. Analysis and Forecast t...IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox has just published its report: "World: Salt And Pure Sodium Chloride - Market Report. Analysis and Forecast to 2025". This report has been designed to provide a detailed analysis of the global salt market. It covers the most recent data sets of quantitative medium-term projections, as well as developments in production, trade, consumption and prices. The report also includes a comparative analysis of the leading consuming countries, revealing opportunities opened for producers and exporters across the globe. The forecast outlines market prospects to 2025.
The document discusses the history and context of economic development efforts in Tairāwhiti. It analyzes the region's economic sectors and identifies opportunities and challenges. Moving forward, next steps include an economic development workshop, developing a workplan with KPIs, hiring a CEO, and implementing the plan through collaboration with businesses and stakeholders. The conclusion emphasizes community engagement and support for the economic development authority to maximize benefits for the Tairāwhiti region.
Zombie companies myth or reality The 2014 Update John Ashcroft
Business failures are a coincident indicator, increasing as the economy slows and decreasing as it recovers. While failures rose with economic growth in the 1980s, they fell as growth recovered in the 1990s and 2008 recessions. Liquidations peaked during recessions and fell as the economy strengthened from 2010 to 2012. The author predicts continued decline in failures from 15,000 in 2013 to 14,250 in 2014 based on first half data.
B U D G E T 2007, R U D R A M U R T H Yguest8fdbdd
The document summarizes key aspects of the Indian budget for 2007. It discusses changes to direct and indirect taxes as well as policies around agriculture, education, and other sectors. Some highlights include increasing income tax exemptions, raising education cess, changes to excise and customs duties, expanding farm credit and irrigation funding, adding school classrooms and teachers, and allocating more funds for defense, the disabled, and disease control. The budget aims for faster and more inclusive economic growth.
The document discusses various measures of national income and output, including GDP. It defines GDP as the total value of goods and services produced domestically in a country. GDP can be measured in three ways - the output method, income method, and expenditure method. Real GDP measures output adjusted for inflation to give a truer picture of economic performance than nominal GDP.
U.S. Organic Sweet Potato Market. Analysis and Forecast To 2025IndexBox Marketing
This report provides an in-depth analysis of the U.S. organic sweet potato market. It presents the latest data of the market size and volume, domestic production, exports and imports, price dynamics and turnover in the industry. The forecast reveals market prospects to 2025.
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
The Impact of Generative AI and 4th Industrial RevolutionPaolo Maresca
This infographic explores the transformative power of Generative AI, a key driver of the 4th Industrial Revolution. Discover how Generative AI is revolutionizing industries, accelerating innovation, and shaping the future of work.
Every business, big or small, deals with outgoing payments. Whether it’s to suppliers for inventory, to employees for salaries, or to vendors for services rendered, keeping track of these expenses is crucial. This is where payment vouchers come in – the unsung heroes of the accounting world.
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck mari...Donc Test
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck maria r mitchell.docx
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck maria r mitchell.docx
TEST BANK Principles of cost accounting 17th edition edward j vanderbeck maria r mitchell.docx
Optimizing Net Interest Margin (NIM) in the Financial Sector (With Examples).pdfshruti1menon2
NIM is calculated as the difference between interest income earned and interest expenses paid, divided by interest-earning assets.
Importance: NIM serves as a critical measure of a financial institution's profitability and operational efficiency. It reflects how effectively the institution is utilizing its interest-earning assets to generate income while managing interest costs.
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leadermsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Discover the Future of Dogecoin with Our Comprehensive Guidance36 Crypto
Learn in-depth about Dogecoin's trajectory and stay informed with 36crypto's essential and up-to-date information about the crypto space.
Our presentation delves into Dogecoin's potential future, exploring whether it's destined to skyrocket to the moon or face a downward spiral. In addition, it highlights invaluable insights. Don't miss out on this opportunity to enhance your crypto understanding!
https://36crypto.com/the-future-of-dogecoin-how-high-can-this-cryptocurrency-reach/
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcriptynfqplhm
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2. CONSUMER PRICE INDEX Re-based: December 2008 = 100 INDEX: Dec 2008=100 US DOLLAR PRICES Robertson Economic Information Services HOUSING TRANSPORT EDUCATION HEALTH RESTAURANTS ALL ITEMS FOOD CLOTHING
3. CONSUMER PRICE INDEX Revised & Re-based: December 2008 = 100 INDEX: Dec 2008=100 US DOLLAR PRICES Robertson Economic Information Services ALL ITEMS INDEX 2009 Ministry of Finance Forecast 106,4% Dec
4. CONSUMER PRICE INDEX Revised & Re-based: December 2008 = 100 INDEX: Dec 2008=100 US DOLLAR PRICES Robertson Economic Information Services ALL ITEMS INDEX Independent FORECAST 2009
5. CONSUMER PRICE INDEX Re-based: December 2008 = 100 INDEX: Dec 2008=100 US DOLLAR PRICES Robertson Economic Information Services CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR ALL ITEMS INDEX FOOD INDEX
6. RAND PER U.S. DOLLAR April 1 to October 16 2009 RAND PER U.S. DOLLAR Robertson Economic Information Services
7. RAND PER U.S. DOLLAR April 1 to October 16 2009 RAND PER U.S. DOLLAR Robertson Economic Information Services
8. EXCHANGE RATE INDEX Base: Apr 1 2009=100: Y, R, £ & C per US$ = = INDEX: April 1 2009=100 RAND EURO POUND YEN Robertson Economic Information Services U S DOLLAR
13. GOLD PRODUCTION VOLUMES Robertson Economic Information Services KILOGRAMS PER YEAR LOWEST ANNUAL OUTPUT SINCE PRE-1907
14. GOLD PRICES January 3 2005 to Oct 16 2009 Daily London Bullion Market Prices Robertson Economic Information Services US DOLLARS PER OUNCE | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | US$1059,50
15. COAL MINING PRODUCTION VOLUMES TONNES Robertson Economic Information Services
18. MANUFACTURING All Groups Annual Indices INDEX: 1990 = 100 Robertson Economic Information Services - 86% Ministry of Finance Estimates
19. MANUFACTURING All Groups Annual Indices INDEX: 1990 = 100 Robertson Economic Information Services Estimate Ministry of Finance Estimates + Forecast
20. MANUFACTURING Food Production INDEX: 1990 = 100 Robertson Economic Information Services ALL ITEMS AVERAGE Estimate
21. FARMLAND DISTRIBUTION PERCENTAGES IN 1996 Robertson Economic Information Services Source: Commercial Farmers Union
22. FARMLAND DISTRIBUTION PERCENTAGES IN 2007 Robertson Economic Information Services Source: Commercial Farmers Union
23. FARMLAND DISTRIBUTION PERCENTAGES IN 2009 Robertson Economic Information Services Source: Commercial Farmers Union
24. AGRICULTURE Maize Production Robertson Economic Information Services
25. AGRICULTURE Wheat Production Robertson Economic Information Services
26. AGRICULTURE Soya Production Robertson Economic Information Services
27. AGRICULTURE Tea Production Robertson Economic Information Services
51. POLITICAL TIMELINE 2008 to 2011 Hyper- inflation Dollarisation Consultation Period Stakeholders Conference July 9 - 13 Draft Constitution February 2010 Constitutional Referendum July 2010 Enactment of new Constitution September 2010 GENERAL ELECTION BY Jan 2011
52. POLITICAL TIMELINE 2008 to 2014 Hyper- inflation Consultation Period Draft Constitution February 2010 Stakeholders Conference July 9 - 13 Dollar- isation Constitutional Referendum July 2010 Enactment of new Constitution September 2010 GENERAL ELECTION BY Jan 2011
53. POLITICAL TIMELINE 2008 to 2014 Hyper- inflation Consultation Period Draft Constitution February 2010 Stakeholders Conference July 9 - 13 Dollar- isation Constitutional Referendum July 2010 Enactment of new Constitution September 2010 GENERAL ELECTION BY Jan 2011 RECOVERY?
58. GOVERNMENT REVENUE & EXPENDITURE US$ ‘millions 2009 Robertson Economic Information Services REVENUE EXPENDITURE
59. GOVERNMENT REVENUE & EXPENDITURE US$ ‘millions 2009 CIVIL SERVICE GRANTS PENSIONS OPERATIONS ZIMRA UNALLOCATED RESERVE CAPITAL EXP. INTEREST TRANSFERS Robertson Economic Information Services BY MID-AUGUST
60. GOVERNMENT REVENUE & EXPENDITURE US$ ‘millions 2009 STILL TO BE COLLECTED BY YEAR-END STILL TO BE BORROWED BY YEAR-END BUDGETED SPENDING BY YEAR-END COLLECTED BY AUGUST Robertson Economic Information Services
61. BALANCE OF TRADE 2000 TO 2008 EXPORTS & IMPORTS in US$’millions Robertson Economic Information Services Source: Budget Review Jul 2009
62. BALANCE OF TRADE & DEBT 2000 TO 2008 EXPORTS & IMPORTS in US$’millions Robertson Economic Information Services Source: Budget Review Jul 2009 DEBT ARREARS
63. TOTAL EXTERNAL DEBT MILLIONS OF US DOLLARS US$’millions Source: IMF Robertson Economic Information Services Estimates
64. EXTERNAL DEBT % of GDP -- IMF Forecasts PERCENTAGE OF GDP ARREARS
65. DEBT RATIOS DEBT GDP PERCENT Robertson Economic Information Services
66. DEBT RATIOS DEBT EXPORTS PERCENT Robertson Economic Information Services
The five-year decline in the manufacturing output index from 108 in 1997 to 64 in 200 3 amounts to a cumulative fall of 40,7 %.
The five-year decline in the manufacturing output index from 108 in 1997 to 64 in 200 3 amounts to a cumulative fall of 40,7 %.
After the removal of subsidies with the abolition of monopoly trading rights enjoyed by state marketing authorities, stock-feed production declined and became very much more expensive. Government acquisitions of commercial farmland also affected livestock and the processing of all animal products in the manufacturing sector. Dairy products were among those affected by rising costs and by 2002 output had fallen to nearly half the figures for a decade earlier. Estimate
Disappointing prices in 1998 and the demand that the levy imposed on growers should be paid even if prices were below production costs caused about 1400 small-scale growers to stop producing the crop.
Disappointing prices in 1998 and the demand that the levy imposed on growers should be paid even if prices were below production costs caused about 1400 small-scale growers to stop producing the crop.
Gross Domestic Product has declined every year since 1999. Compounding the percentages shown since then and factoring in a revised estimate of minus 11,5% for 2007, GDP will be only 55% of its 1998 level by the end of 2007. As in previous graphs, the years in which severe droughts were experienced are shown. Government has claimed that the agricultural failures since land reform were the results of droughts and illegal economic sanctions, but the economic sanctions do not exist and the only severe drought hit only the southern half of Zimbabwe in the 2006 / 2007 growing season. Some other seasons had been disappointing, which is a very common occurrence in Zimbabwe, but good crops would have been possible in those years if the experienced commercial farmers had still been on the land. The ruling party in Zimbabwe has chosen not to be persuaded by arguments that claim the current problems stem from the land reform programme , or that these were all accentuated by the profound linkages between agriculture and every other economic and social sector in the country. Instead, they have preferred to argue that colonialism and residual western influences have conspired to undermine traditional African socialist and communal ownership traditions and values. All policy prescriptions have therefore been backward-looking to romantic portrayals of less demanding pastoral lifestyles, while the systems of governance proposed have been discipline-orientated to encourage compliance and unquestioned obedience to the leadership.
Gross Domestic Product has declined every year since 1999. Compounding the percentages shown since then and factoring in a revised estimate of minus 11,5% for 2007, GDP will be only 55% of its 1998 level by the end of 2007. As in previous graphs, the years in which severe droughts were experienced are shown. Government has claimed that the agricultural failures since land reform were the results of droughts and illegal economic sanctions, but the economic sanctions do not exist and the only severe drought hit only the southern half of Zimbabwe in the 2006 / 2007 growing season. Some other seasons had been disappointing, which is a very common occurrence in Zimbabwe, but good crops would have been possible in those years if the experienced commercial farmers had still been on the land. The ruling party in Zimbabwe has chosen not to be persuaded by arguments that claim the current problems stem from the land reform programme , or that these were all accentuated by the profound linkages between agriculture and every other economic and social sector in the country. Instead, they have preferred to argue that colonialism and residual western influences have conspired to undermine traditional African socialist and communal ownership traditions and values. All policy prescriptions have therefore been backward-looking to romantic portrayals of less demanding pastoral lifestyles, while the systems of governance proposed have been discipline-orientated to encourage compliance and unquestioned obedience to the leadership.