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1. CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION TO
PSYCHOLOGY
PROF. EUGENE PAOLO Z. GUADES
LECTURER

2. Psychology - defined as the
science or the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes
■ 16th century – it comes from the two Greek word
 “Psyche” – soul/mind
 “logos” –study of
It was define as the study of soul

3. ■ William James define
Psychology as the science of
mental life, the science of
feelings, desires and cognitions,
reasoning, decision and the like

5. 4 Main Goals of Psychology
■ Describe
-Describe the person’s behavior or action
■ Understand/Explain
-How we behave in different situation
■ Predict
-We predict based on the given situation
■ Control
-Modify behavior and mental process Based on
accurate prediction

6. Why Psychology is an
important Subject?
■ To be able to deal effectively to the people
around you
■ To understand the nature of people especially
the person whose behavior are different
■ To be able to know on how to react accordingly
■ To be able to understand yourself
■ To become a well-rounded person
■ To gain a better understanding of himself and
improve his behavior
■ To gain insight into one’s own personality so that
we can adjust more with other people

7. Fields of Study in
Psychology

8. Fields of Study in
Psychology
■ Abnormal Psychology
(psychopathology) – etiology or cause
of mental and personality disorder
■ Biopsychology – study the biological
basis of behavior with focus on the
operation of the brain and nervous
system.
■ Counseling Psychology (vocational) –
the fields of psychology which deals with
the problem of normal individual

9. Fields of Study in
Psychology
■ Clinical Psychology – study the
diagnosis and treatment of abnormal
behavior in clinical setting
■ Cognitive Psychology – branch of
psychology that studies all mental
process. Focuses on higher mental
functions like thought, language, memory,
problem solving, reasoning and decision
making.

10. Fields of Study in
Psychology
■ Developmental Psychology – study
changes in behavior and cognitive
process across their life span.
■ Experimental – this specialized in the
investigation and experimentation of the
physiological aspect of behavior, the
process of sensing, perceiving, learning
and thinking.
■ Industrial Psychology – field that
applies the methods, facts and principles
of Psychology to people at work

11. Fields of Study in
Psychology
■ Personality (Dynamic) – study the
consistency a changes in a person’s
behavior overtime. It deals with the
characteristic and trait of a person.
■ Psychometrics/Mathematical
psychology – applies statistical
procedures and analysis of data and
human behavior. A field of Psychology
that involved in measurement and
evaluation of individual as well as groups.

12. Fields of Study in
Psychology
■ Social Psychology – studies the way
people’s thought, feelings and action are
affected by others.
■ Sports Psychology – focuses on social,
mental and emotional problems of
athlete.
■ Legal Psychology or Forensic –
application of the principles of human
behavior in law and legal proceedings

13. Schools of Psychology
■ Structuralism
■ Functionalism
■ Behaviorism
■ Psychoanalysis
■ Gestalt

14. STRUCTURALISM
■ Major contribution to psychology leads to formation of
other discipline
■ (1879) Wilhelm Wundt – He is considered as the 1st
modern psychologist
■ He established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig,
Germany 19th century
■ Structuralism was the study of the most basic elements,
primarily sensations that make up our conscious mental
process
■ Wundt’s greatest contribution was his method of
introspection

15. ■ A method which ask a person to verbalized his
thoughts and feelings without any censorship
■ The structuralist were primarily concerned with
discovering the structure of the mind
■ Structuralist analyzed conscious mental
experiences into basic elements
■ A. sensation
■ B. images
■ C. affective state/feelings
■ Edward Bradford Titchener – Wundt’s favorite
pupil developed the school of structuralism in the
US.

16. FUNCTIONALISM
■ Instead of self-analysis of the conscious mental experience
the functionalist studied how the mind affect’s what people
do
■ Given and developed by a group of American(Stanley Hall,
John Dewey) psychologist toward the middle of 1850’s
■ Emphasize on the study of the mind as it functions in
adapting the organism to the environment
■ Functionalism which was the study of function rather than
the structure of consciousness was interested in how mind
adapt to our changing environment
■ Many leaders were identified with the movement but the
most prominent of whom were WILLIAM JAMES

17. ■ (1890) William James published his book Principles of
Psychology(12 years he labored this book)
■ He clearly stated that his psychology was a functional one
whose aim was not to reduce mind to elements but to study
consciousness as an ongoing process or stream
■ He advanced the idea that the conscious mind is a “streamof
thought consciousness and subjective life” flowing like a river
that cannot be broken into parts”.
■ Focused and studied on children and uneducated people
■ Thus topics in psychology increases and include memory,
thinking and personality
JOHN DEWEY
■ Applied the theories and principles of psychology to the
improvement of education
HUGO MUNSTENBURG
■ Applied to increase productivity in industry
■ It gives systematic answer to what do men do? And why do
they do it

18. BEHAVIORISM
■ A school of psychology that rejected the 1st 3 school of
psychology who studied the mind and mental experience
to explain human behavior
■ The school of behaviorism was founded by JOHN B.
WATSON (PhD in University of Chicago)

19. ■ Watson express his dissatisfaction over structuralism and
functionalism
■ He did not believe in introspection as a method in the
study of psychology instead he advocate objective and
experimental observation
■ Watson defined psychology as the science of behavior and
behavioral response that are to be described objectively in
terms of stimulus response, habit formation and habit
integration
■ According to him, all behavior represents learned response
to a particular environmental stimuli
■ He believed that by controlling environmental stimuli, one
could shape an infant’s character into anything he might
wish
■ For him only observable method should be the basis of
study and experimentation

20. ■ “Objective Method” – measurement and observation S-R
psychology
All behavior represents learned behavior and response
3 important characteristics
■ • Conditioned reflexes - building blocks of behavior
■ • Learned behavior
■ • Denies the existence of instincts or inborn tendencies

21. PSYCHOANALYSIS
Sigmund Freud – Viennese Austrian physician and
psychiatrist
■ He attempt to find the cause and cure of personality
disorder
■ He postulated on the existence of unconscious mental
process
■ It was developed from the study and treatment of mental
patients suffering from psychological disorder
■ He found out that many of his patients with nervous
disorders were in reality suffering from mental conflicts
■ The third school of psychology to emerge next to
structuralism and functionalism
■ Sigmund Freud – founder of psychoanalysis includes the
unconscious mind in a formal psychological theory – he
called it psychic determinism

22. GESTALT
Max Wertheimer
Wolfgang Kohler
Kurt Koffka
■ Its fundamental principle states that the whole is more than
the sum of its parts
■ They put more importance on the study of the over all pattern
of any experience than the specific elements which made it
up
■ Contribution: perception
■ Learning, memory, problem solving
■ Gestalt – is a German word which means shape, form,
configuration
■ MOTTO: “The whole is different from the sum of its
parts”.
■ His claim that we perceive and think about he whole rather
than simple combination of separate element
■ He thinks that we can perceive and think about the whole

23. Methods of Research in
Studying Behavior in
Psychology
■ Survey. A survey is a way to obtain information by asking
many individuals either person to person, by telephone, or
by mail to answer a fixed set of questions about particular
subjects or events.
■ Case study. The case study is an in-depth analysis of
thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviors, or
problems of a single individual.
■ An experiment. Is a method for identifying cause-and-
effect relationships by following a set of rules and
guidelines that minimize the possibility of error, bias, and
chance occurrences.
■ Questionnaire and Interviews. An interview is a
technique for obtaining information by asking subjects to
read a list of written questions, ranging from open-ended to
structured, about a subject’s behaviors and attitudes,
usually in a one-on-one situation.

24. ■ Standardized tests. A standardized test is a technique to
obtain information by administering a psychological test
that has been standardized, which means that the test has
been given to hundreds of people and has been shown to
reliably measure thought patterns, personality traits,
emotions, or behaviors.
■ Observations. It is the most widely used method.
Researchers gather information by looking at a certain
behavior and attempting to explain it by studying it in
detail, recording it and finding patterns.