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2. •To know our self 
who am I, the real me
•Adjustment and
adaptation with
another
•To learn  behavior
and
people’s mental
process
and factors that
WHY PEOPLE LEARN PSYCHOLOGY?

3. PSYCHOLOGY TERMINOLOGY
Etimology : psyche = soul, mind
(Greek) logos =
word, study
The study of mind
The science of human
behavior and mental
process

4. DEFINITION
 Behaviors  refers to observable actions or
responses in both humans and animals
Ex: eating, sleeping, crying, etc
 Mental processes  not directly observable,
refer to a wide range of complex mental
processes
Ex: imagining, studying, dreaming, etc
Psychology : the
systematic, scientific study of
behaviors and mental
processes

5. GOALS of PSYCHOLOGY
• Describe the different ways that
organisms behave
• What ?
Describe
• Explain the cause of behavior (Why?)
• Theory - general explanation of a set
of observations or facts
Explain
• Predict how organisms will behave in
certain situations
• Will happen again?
Predict
• Control an organism’s behavior
• How can it be changed?
Control

6. Ex: Taking Class Note
• Research Question: which system or
strategy on taking notes results in the best
performance on test?
• Describe Behavior
1.Review Notes
2.Summarize notes
3.Answer Questions about notes

7. Ex: Taking Class Note
• Explain Behavior
• Predict Behavior
Students who used the strategy that
combines Notes-taking with answer
questions are likely to retain more
information and perform better
Review Notes 34
Summarize Notes 45
Answer Questions about Notes 51

8. Ex: Taking Class Note
• Control Behavior:
Strategy : taking notes and answering in
their own words, a series of general
questions about material

9. MODERN APPROACHES
How do psychologists answer
questions?
• Biological
• Cognitive
• Behavioral
• Psychoanalyti
c
• Humanistic
• Sociocultural
• Evolutionary
• Biopsychosoci
al
Each approach
has a different
focus or
perspective
and may use a
different
research
method or
technique

10. MODERN APPROACHES
-Biological Approach-
Focuses on how genes, hormones, and
nervous system interact with our
environments to influence learning,
personality, memory, motivation,
emotions, coping techniques, and
other traits and abilities.

11. MODERN
APPROACHES
-Cognitive Approach-
–Examines how we process, store, and
use information and how this
information influences what we attend
to, perceive, learn, remember, believe,
and feel
–Focuses on memory, intelligence,

12. MODERN
APPROACHES
-Behavioral
Approach-
Studies how organisms learn new
behaviors or modify existing ones,
depending on whether events in their
environments reward or punish these
behaviors.

13. MODERN APPROACHES
-Psychoanalytic
Approach-
–Based on the belief that childhood
experiences (first five years) greatly
influence the development of later of
personality traits and psychological
problems
–Also stresses the influence of
unconscious fears, desires, and

14. MODERN APPROACHES
-Humanistic
Approach-
–Emphasizes that each individual has great
freedom in directing his or her future, a
large capacity for personal growth, a
considerable amount of intrinsic worth,
and enormous potential for self-
fulfillment
–Emphasizes the positive side of human

15. MODERN APPROACHES
-Sociocultural Approach-
–Studies the influence of social and
cultural factors (similarities and
differences) on psychological and
behavioral functioning
–Ex : Suicidal

16. MODERN APPROACHES
- Evolutionary Approach-
Studies how
evolutionary
ideas, such as
adaptation and
natural selection,
explain human
behaviors and
mental
processes

17. MODERN APPROACHES
- Biopsychosocial Approach-
Studies how biological, psychological,
and social influences explain human
health and illness

18. Aplikasi: Test anxiety
Kecemasan ditandai oleh debar jantung yang cepat, mulut
kering dan tangan yang berkeringat
A. Cognitive
Fokus pada masalah-masalah kepribadian di balik alasan-
alasan kecemasan yang terlihat/jelas, misalnya: test anxiety
terkait dengan neuroticism dan external locus of control,
yang terbentuk karena pengalaman masa kecil
B. Biological
Kuatir berlebihan dan sifat perfeksionis bisa menolong atau
menghambat performa tergantung pada bagaimana
kekuatiran dan sifat perfeksionistis itu disalurkan
C. Behavioral
Riset menemukan bahwa menuliskan perasaan yang dialami
(kekuatiran, ketakutan, dll) sebelum ujian membantu
mahasiswa dengan tingkat kecemasan tinggi untuk perform
dengan lebih baik
D.
Psychoanalytic

19. Aplikasi: Test anxiety
Tiap mahasiswa perlu mencari cara untuk mencapai
kemampuan akademiknya yang optimal. Tiap mahasiswa punya
kapasitas untuk memilih, tiap orang itu unik dan tiap mahasiswa
seharusnya percaya pada suara hati mereka sendiri.
A. Sociocultural
Mahasiswa Asia dan non-Asia menunjukkan perbedaan dalam
hal tingkat kecemasan terhadap tes. Contoh: mahasiswa India
menunjukkan tingkat kecemasan lebih tinggi dibanding
mahasiswa Amerika karena dalam masyarakat India,
pencapaian akademis sangat dibanggakan.
B. Evolutionary
Test anxiety perlu dipelajari dengan mempertimbangkan
interaksi antara berbagai faktor, seperti: gen, hormon, kognisi,
emosi, kepribadian, dan perilaku/behavior.
C. Humanistic
Ada perbedaan antara pria dan wanita dalam mengelola test
anxiety yang mereka alami karena di jaman purbakala mereka
mempunyai peran dan tugas yang berbeda.
D.
Biopsychosocial

20. HISTORICAL
APPROACHES
How did psychology begin?
 Structuralism: elements of the mind
 Functionalism: functions of the mind
 Gestalt approach: sensations vs
perceptual
 Psychoanalysis: influence of
unconsciousness

21. HISTORICAL APPROACHES
-Structuralism-
•The study of the most basic
elements, primarily sensations and
perceptions, that make up our
conscious mental experiences
•Focused on structure of the mind.
•Wilhelm Wundt (1832 – 1930)
– Considered as the father of psychology:
established the first psychology laboratory in
1879, in Leipzig, Germany
– Developed the technique of objective
introspection – process of objectively examining
and measuring one’s thoughts and mental
activities.

22. HISTORICAL APPROACHES
-Functionalism-
•The study of the function rather
than the structure of
consciousness  was interested
in how our minds adapt to our
changing environment
•Proposed by William James (1842 - 1910) 
considered as the father of modern psychology
for his ideas grew into current areas of study,
such as emotions, attention and memory
•Influenced the modern fields of:
– Educational psychology
– Evolutionary psychology
– Industrial/organizational psychology

24. HISTORICAL APPROACHES
-Gestalt Approach-
•Emphasized that perception is
more than the sum of its parts
and studied how sensations
are assembled into meaningful
perceptual experiences
•Started with Max Wertheimer (1883-1943),
who studied sensation and perception.
•Gestalt ideas are now part of the study of
cognitive psychology, a field focusing not
only on perception but also on learning,
memory, thought processes, and problem
solving.

25. HISTORICAL APPROACHES
-Behaviorism-
–Emphasized the objective,
scientific analysis of
observable behaviors
–Goal: the analysis of
observable behaviors and
the prediction and control
of those behaviors
–Proposed by John B. Watson (1878-1958)
–From the 1920s to the 1960s was the
dominant force in American psychology

26. HISTORICAL APPROACHES
-Psychoanalysis Approach-
•The theory and therapy
based on the work of
Sigmund Freud.
•Emphasized the influence of
unconscious processes
–There is an unconscious (unaware) mind
into which we push, or repress, all of our
threatening urges and desires  these
repressed urges, in trying to surface,
created nervous disorders.
–Freud stressed the importance of early
childhood experiences.

27. WHAT PSYCHOLOGISTS DO
• Service providers to individuals
– Clinical psychology
– Psychiatry
– Other mental health
professionals
• Service providers to organization
– Industrial/ organizational
psychology
– Human factors  ergonomy

28. CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY:
Psychologist versus Psychiatrist
– Psychologists
• Completed four to five years of postgraduate education
and have obtained a Ph.D., PsyD., or Ed.D in psychology
– Clinical psychologists
• Has a Ph.D., PsyD., or Ed.D., specialized in a clinical
subarea, and have spent an additional year in a
supervised therapy setting to gain experience in
diagnosing and treating a wide range of abnormal
behaviors
– Counseling psychologists
• Provide many of the same services as Clinical
Psychologists, but usually work with different problems
such as those involving marriage, family, or career

29. CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY (CONT’D)
• Psychologist versus psychiatrist
– Counseling psychologists provide many of the same
services as clinical psychologists, but usually work
with different problems, such as those involving
marriage, family, or career counseling
– Psychiatrists are medical doctors (MDs) who have
spent several years in clinical training, which includes
diagnosing possible physical and neurological causes
of abnormal behaviors and treating these behaviors,
often with prescription drugs

30. CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY:
Psychologist versus Psychiatrist
– Psychiatrists
• Medical doctors (M.D.s) who have spent several years in
clinical training, which includes diagnosing possible
physical and neurological causes of abnormal behaviors
and treating these behaviors, often with prescription drugs.
– Neither clinical nor counseling psychologist assess
the neurological causes of mental problems and do
not yet have authority to prescribe drugs like
psychiatrists.
– Other types of mental health professionals: school
psychologist, forensic psychologist, psychoanalyst,

31. CAREERS IN
PSYCHOLOG
Y
Many Career
Settings
– 49% of psychologists work as clinical or counseling
psychologists in either private practice or therapy
settings
– 28% of psychologists work in academic settings of
universities and colleges
– 13% of psychologists work in a variety of other kinds
of jobs and career settings
– 6% of psychologists work in industrial settings
– 4% of psychologists work in secondary schools and

32. CULTURAL DIVERSITY: EARLY DISCRIMINATION
• Women in psychology
– Mary Calkins
– Established a laboratory in psychology at Wellesley
College in 1891 where she was a faculty member
– Completed all requirements for a PhD at Harvard but
wasn’t granted the degree because of her sex
– Not until 1908 was a woman, Margaret Washburn,
awarded a PhD in psychology

33. CULTURAL DIVERSITY: EARLY DISCRIMINATION
(CONT’D)
• Minorities in psychology
– Inez Prosser was the first African American woman to
receive a PhD in psychology (from the University of
Cincinnati in 1933)
– Taught in black colleges and helped minority students
obtain financial aid to attend college
– From 1920 to 1966, only 8 PhDs in psychology were
awarded to black students, compared to 3,767 to
white students

34. CULTURAL DIVERSITY: EARLY DISCRIMINATION
(CONT’D)
• Minorities in psychology
– George Sanchez (a Latino) conducted pioneering
work on the cultural bias of intelligence tests given to
minority students
– Sanchez showed that intelligence tests contained
many questions that were biased against minorities,
resulting in lower scores

35. CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY (CONT’D)

36. RESEARCH AREAS
Areas of Specialization
– Social and Personality
– Developmental
– Experimental
– Biological
– Cognitive
– Psychometrics
– Industrial
Organizational

37. RESEARCH AREAS
Areas of Specialization
– Social psychology
• Study how an individual influences other people and
how the group influences an individual.
• Involves the study of social interactions, stereotypes,
prejudices, attitudes, conformity, group behaviors, and
aggression.
– Personality psychology
• Involves the study of personality development,
personality change, assessment, and abnormal
behaviors.
– Many social/ personality psychologists work in
academic setting, but some work as consultants
and personnel managers in business.

38. RESEARCH AREAS
Areas of Specialization
– Developmental psychology
• Study how behavior changes with age, ‘from
womb to tomb’
• Examines moral, social, emotional, and cognitive
development throughout a person’s entire life.
• Work in academic settings & may consult on day
care or programs for the aging.
– Experimental psychology
• Includes areas of sensation, perception, learning,
human performance, motivation, and emotion.
• Most work in academic setting, some in
business, industry & government.

39. RESEARCH AREAS
Areas of Specialization
– Biological psychology
• Or psychobiology/ biopsychology involves
research on the physical and chemical changes
that occur during stress, learning, and emotions,
as well as how our genetic makeup, brain, and
nervous system interact with our environments
and influence our behaviors
• Most work in academic settings, hospitals, and
private research laboratories.

40. RESEARCH AREAS
Areas of Specialization
– Cognitive Psychology
• Studies the processes of thought and knowledge,
involves how we process, store, and retrieve
information and how cognitive processes
influence our behaviors.
– Psychometrics
• Focuses on the measurement of people’s abilities,
skills, intelligence, personality, and abnormal
behaviors  developing psychological tests
Industrial/organizational psychology

41. “One thing only interests all
human being always, and that
is the human being himself”
(Siddal, dalam Mott and others 1969)
7/31/2023 Free template from www.brainybetty.com
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