This document provides information on geopolymer concrete (GPC) submitted by a group of students. It includes an introduction to GPC, which is an alternative to Portland cement concrete that uses industrial byproducts like fly ash. The document discusses the materials used in GPC including fly ash, aggregates, and alkaline activators. It presents the mix design for M20 grade GPC using different molarity alkaline activator solutions. Test results show increasing compressive strength with increasing molarity. Benefits of GPC include reduced CO2 emissions, use of waste materials, fire resistance, and acid resistance. Challenges include developing strength at ambient temperatures and standardization. The conclusion is that GPC is more suitable for pre

1. GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE
SUBMITTED BY :-
• LALWANI PARESH N.
• BHARADVA SHYAM S.
• HADIYA DARSAK D.
• JAIN JINENDRA S.
• PROJECT GUIDE :- Ms. KRISHNA NAIR

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
 PURPOSE OF PROJECT
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 MATERIAL USED IN GPC
 CONTENTS OF MATERIAL IN GPC OF M20
 TEST RESULTS OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF M20
 PROPERTIES OF GPC
 BENEFITS & APPLICATION
 CHALLENGES & ISSUES
 CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
 What is the ‘Geopolymer’ concrete?
 An innovative material that is characterized by long chains networks
of inorganic molecules—is a potential alternative to conventional port
land cement concrete.
FLY ASH FINE AGG
COARSE
AGG,
ALKALI
ACTIVATOR
S
GPCC

4. WHY IT IS CALLED “GEOPOLYMER”
CONCRETE?
• SOURCE MATERIAL ARE GEOLOGICAL
ORIGIN WHICH CONTAINS THE Si & Al
• SILICON & ALUMINIUM CAN BE OBTAIN
IN FLY ASH, GGBC.
GEO
• IT MAKE A CHAIN MOLECULE WITH
SILICON AND ALUMINIUM
• POLYMERISATION PROCESSPOLYMER

5. GEL FORMATION
 Si-Al Materials + Activators(NaOH,Na2SiO3) + water
 Geopolymer binders + water

6. PURPOSE OF GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE
 Fully replacement of cement by FLY ASH
 Portland cement production is a major contributor to CO2
emissions as an estimated 5 TO 8 %of all human generated.
atmospheric CO2 worldwide comes from the concrete industry.
 Because of CO2 emission in the atmosphere temperature is
increased in atmosphere and Global warming house effect
causes.
 Portland is not considered sustainable due to energy intensive
process an high CO2 generation.
 It is estimated that production of one tonne of cement clinker
required 2.9 to 4.7 GJ energy and produces 800 Kg of CO2.

7. WORLD WIDE PRODUCTION OF
CEMENT
 PRODUCTION OF CEMENT (2017)
NO COUNTRY PRODUCTION OF
CEMENT
(MILLION METRIC
TON)
1 CHINA 2500
2 INDIA 280
3 UNITED STATES 83
Production of Portland cement is currently topping 2.6 billion tons per year worldwide and
growing at 5 percent annually.

8. Comparison between emission of carbon dioxide
in OPC and GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE

9. FACTOR AFFECTING OF GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE
 ACTIVATOR LIQUID TO SOURCE MATERIAL(FLY ASH)
BY MASS
 CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE
MEASURED IN TERMS OF MOLARITY IN THE RANGE
OF 8M TO 16M
 SODIUM SILICATE TO SODIUM HYDROXIDE LIQUID BY
MASS
 CURING TEMPRATURE
 CURING TIME
 WATER CONTENT

10. LITERATURE REVIEW
 Professor B. Vijaya Rangan conducted extensive studies on fly ash-based
geopolymer concrete and suggest the effects of salient factors that influence
the properties of the geopolymer concrete in the fresh and hardened state.
These results are utilized to propose a simple method for the design of
geopolymer concrete mixtures. Test data of various short-term and long-term
properties of the geopolymer concrete are then presented.
 Professor R V Ramani published his review by conducting some
experiments on the geo polymer concrete in ICJ of July 2014 as he
demonstrate the immense potential of geopolymer. It begins with short
introduction defining geopolymer and mechanism of geopolymerisation. It
is followed with an account of its potential and commercial applicability. The
flexibility of geopolymer in using waste and by-products has been discussed
and finally some of the challenges associated with geopolymer have been
highlighted.

11. LITERATURE REVIEW
 Jonathan Simms published his paper In 2012,and shows that more
than 100 million tones of coal combustion by product were generated in
USA out of each more than 50% was disposed of in ponds and landfills
in tailing materials that could be hazards to environment the other
environment issues is related in OPC, In his study a coal fly ash sample
from kerolina was used in chemical process known as
geopolymerisation to produce a new binder named geopolymer the
developed geopolymer binder could competetantly substitute the regular
concrete application. And experimental design program was conducted
to optimise the geopolymerisation process affecting the final cement les
product in comparison of GPC to OPC the results saw that compressive
strength of GPC at 16th day could be more than 6600 psi for mortars
7500 psi for concrete.

12. MATERIAL USED FOR MAKING
GEOPOLYMERCONCRETE
FLY ASH
COARSE AGG
low calcium fly ash obtained
from Thermal Power plant is to
be used as source material. Low
calcium fly ash means class f
fly ash.
DRY AGGREGATE
MAXIMUM SIZE 20mm

13. MATERIAL USED IN GPC
 FINE AGG.
 SODIUM HYDROXIDE &
 SODIUM SILICATE
The locally available fine
aggregate, confining to
Zone II. Initially the
aggregate chosen is sieved
through 2.36mm and the
passing material is chosen
for the test.

14. DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF
AGGREGATE USED IN CONCRETE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE
CA 1 CA 2 FA (SAND)
TYPE CRUSHED CRUSHED SAND
MAXIMUM SIZE 20mm 12.5mm 4.75mm
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.65 2.65 2.5

15. PREPARATION OF ALKALINE
ACTIVATOR SOLUTION
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
SOLUTION
-
-SODIUM HYDROXIDE
DISOLVED IN WATER
-. During this preparation
solution heat is generated
because of sodium
hydroxide.
-AS PER REQUIRMENTS WE
CAN CHANGE
CONCENTRATION OF
SODIUM HYDROXIDE AS
PER MOLARITY
-8M,12M,16M

16. PREPARATION OF ALKALINE
ACTIVATOR SOLUTION
 Alkaline Activator Solution (AAS)
 It is mixer of two liquids of sodium hydroxide solution and sodium
silicate in liquid form as 1:1 proportion .
 A combination of sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution can be used as the alkaline liquid. It is
recommended that the alkaline liquid is prepared by mixing both the
solutions together at least 24 hours prior to use.
 During this preparation of solution heat is generated because of sodium
hydroxide. So, rise in temperature occurs. To overcome of the effect of
rising in temperature, water should be mix very slowly with stages
under well ventilated conditions.

17. METHODOLOGY FOR PREPARATION
OF GPC.
Measuring the
ingredients by
weight
mix properly
-solid part
-liquid part
There should be
minimum air
voids
Mix by pan
mixer about 10-
15 minutes
MIXING
Pour concrete in
to 150mm mould
Pouring should
be within 5 min
Compaction is
done by vibrator
CASTING
After casting
mould should be
put in rest for
gaining
hardness
Demoulding
should be done
after 24hrs.
DEMOULDING
Curing is done
for 7 or 28 days
as per
requirement of
strength
- Oven curing for
24hs
- Wet curing
CURING

18. PAN MIXER MIXING
TABLE
VIBRATOR
MOULDINGCURING TANK

19. MIX DESIGN OF M20 OF (6M,12M,16M AAS BASED
) GPC
Material used Content per m3
Fly ash 385kg
Water 134.5kg
NaOH solution 6M solution 240gm(per litre of water)
12M solution 480gm(per litre of water)
16M solution 640gm(per litre of water)
Na2Sio3 solution 6M solution 240gm(per litre of water)
12M solution 480gm(per litre of water)
16M solution 640gm(per litre of water’

20. MIX DESIGN OF M20 (6M, 12M,16M AAS
BASED) GPC
MOLARITY BINDER MATERIAL
NaOH+Na2SIO3
(kg/m3)
FINE AGGREGATE
(kg/m3)
COARSE
AGGREGATE
(kg/m3)
6M 32.34+32.34 604.45 1261.12
12M 64.68+64.68 583.49 1217.40
16M 86.24+86.24 569.52 1188.25

21. PROPORTION OF INGREDIANTS IN
12M AAS BASED GPC

22. COMPRESSIVE TEST OF GPC
FAILURE PATTERN ON THE CUBE SURFACE

23. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
6M,12M,16M GPC
SAMPLE AVG. STRENGTH
N/mm2
6M AAS BASED
GPC AT 7DAYS
2.98
12M AAS BASED
GPC AT 7DAYS
8.95
12M AAS BASED
GPC AT 28DAYS
15.45
16M AAS BASED
GPC AT 28DAYS
16.01

24. COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF 12M AND 16M AAS
BASED GPC of M20
 Sample1 12M AAS
 Sample2 16M AAS
Class Sample 1 Sample 2
Cube 1 14.56 15.92
Cube 2 15.74 15.63
Cube 3 16.05 16.49

25. PROPERTIES OF GPC
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
 RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH
 THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF GPC
 FIBRE REINFORCEMENT OF GPC
 WORKABILITY
 DURABILITY
 PERMEABILITY
 ACID RESISTENCE
 SULPHATE RESISTANCE

26. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT VS GEOPOLYMER
Properties O.P.C. Geopolymer
Setting Time 30-300 minutes 10-60 minutes
Compressive Strength 33-53 MPa
(After 28 Days)
30-120 MPa
(After 7 Days)
Durability Moderate More Durable Than OPC
CO2 Emission 800–900 kg/tonne 150-200 kg/tonne
Water requirements 600 litres/ton 450 litters/ton

27. BENEFITS OF GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE
 Uses partial or no Portland cement .
 Preserve natural resources like lime stone.
 Reduces carbon dioxide emission.
 Uses industrial by products like fly ash and blast furnace slag.
 Due to more content of fly ash, Concrete will give Smooth Surface.
 Geopolymer concrete shows excellent fire and heat resistant and It is highly
resistant against acid, toxic waste and salt water.
 Geopolymer concrete also has very less drying shrinkage and creep.
 Life of this concrete structure are more than the ordinary structure due to its better
durability.

28. APPLICATIONS OF GEOPOLYMER
 Construction and repair of highway, road and airport runway.
 Because of its high resistance to acids it can be apply at various highly acidic and
toxic environments like sewer pipes and landfills.
 Due to its higher temperature resistance, geopolymer concrete chimneys, low cost
refractory and fire places are ideal for long life and stability.
 Prefabricated under ground water tanks, sewerage pipes, under ground tunnel
segments, transmission poles, safe rooms, prison rooms are some of the excellent
application of geopolymer concrete.
 Geopolymer concrete also has a high resistance for chlorides so it can be used
In coastal areas for buildings to resistance against chloride corrosion.
 For cold climate places.
 The university of Queensland global change institute is world’s first building to
successfully use geopolymer concrete.

29. CHALLENGES AND ISSUE
 Although geopolymer is considered future cement, it is premature to say that it will
replace the OPC. There are many issues and challenges which needs to be
addressed which are as following :-
 Shifting from elevated temperature to ambient temperature:-
 It is reported that the geopolymerisation reaction and consequently strength
development is better if the reaction carried out between 60 to 85⁰C. however this
restricts the use of geopolymer for large scale operation on site.
 Recent researches shows that blending fly ash with GBFS gives sufficient
temperature this area need more study due to variable temperature with geography
and season change.
 EFFLORESCENCE
 In case of unreacted alkali, efflorescence has been observed on the surface of the
product. This was more prominent especially during winter season when
temperature was <10⁰C.

30. CHALLENGES AND ISSUE
 Standards Unavailability:-
 Geopolymer do not have its own standard and is often judged on the standard of products
developed by other process, which creates problem in marketing. There is urgent need to
develop Indian standard for geopolymer process and products.

31. CONCLUSION
 As we conducted the experiment on cubes of different molarity of 6M,12M,16M
NaOH solution. And experiment suggests that as we increase the molarity, strength
of concrete is also increases.
 Geopolymer concrete is more suitable for precast concreting than on-site
concreting due to following reasons:-
 As it requires steam curing, which may not available at site.
 NaOH is very sensitive when it comes in contact with air. So, it will be difficult for
labours to work with it.
 As GPC have less setting time, So it should not be transported and it have to be
prepared on site.

32. REFFERENCES
 Kolli Ramujee, Potharaju M, “Development of mix design for low calcium based geopolymer concrete in
ordinary, standard & high strength grades, Indian Concrete Institute Journal, Vol.14, issue no 2,pp 29-
34,july-sept,2013”
 Kolli ramujee & M.Potharaju, “Permeability and abrasion Resistance of Geopolymer Concrete”, Indian
concrete Journal, vol88,issue no. 12, pp 34-43”
 Subhash V. Patankar, Sanjay S. Jamkar & Yuwaraj M. Ghugal, “Section14-Paper for Geopolymer
Concrete Mix Design”
 Ch. Hema Sindhusha & V. Ranga Rao, “Study on the behaviour of alkali activated flyash based
geopolymer concrete”
 V.Sowjanya & N. Srujana, “Strength properties of flyash based geopolymer concrete”
 Majid Muttashar, Weena Lokuge, & Warna Karunasena, “geopolymer concrete: the green alternative
with suitable structural properties”
 K.L.Radhika,P.Ratish Kumar & S.Venkateswara Rao, “Performance studies on standard and high
strength self compacting concretes”, Indian concrete journal vol 13,issue no 2,pp7-12,july-september
2012”
 Sumajouw, M. D. J. & Rangan, B.V., “Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete”
 Hardjito, D., S. Wallah, D. M. J. Sumajouw, and B. V. Rangan. 2004. “On the Development of Fly Ash–
Based Geopolymer Concrete.” ACI Materials Journal, vol. 101, no. 6.”

33. THANK
YOU