CERAMIC INDUSTRY

1. PRESENTATION ON
Production Of Enamel & It’s function

2. Content
Defination
 History of enamel
 Raw materials
 Manufacturing process
 Function of enamel

3. Enamel
Defination:
A coloured glassy substance, translucent or opaque, fused to the
surface of articles made of metal, glass, etc, for ornament or
protection.
Examples for Enamel:
The cups are in white porcelain
with raised designs in gold and
enamel.

4. Histroy of Enamel
• The word enamel comes the High
German word “smelzan” later
becoming “esmail” in Old French.
Hence the current usage of
“smalto” in Italian, “email” in
French and German and “enamel”
in English.
• In history, enamels were initially
applied on firstly gold, then silver,
copper, bronze and more latterly
on iron and steel.
• The earliest known pieces of
enamel can be found in the
Nicosia museum in Cyprus and
Mycenae.

5. Raw materials
silicaQuartz
Clay
Micas
Feldspar

6. The manufacture of enamel
The various stages in manufacturing
enamel:
1.The fusion stage.
2.Another stage(Alternative fusion
process)

7. The fusion stage
• The first step is to
check, weigh and mix
the various
constituents of
enamel.
• The “glass” to be
melted at a
temperature of
between 1100°C and
1300°C.
• The most common
process involves using
a tunnel furnace where
the mixture is
introduced at one end
and comes out the
other.
• The mixture remains in
the furnace about an
hour.
• When it emerges it is
cooled rapidly through
a water cooled rolling
mill to form a glass
sheet.

8. Another stage(Alternative fusion process)
• An alternative fusion process involves using a rotary furnace into which
the constituents are poured, mixed and heated.
• After cooling and crushing, enamel frit is obtained.
• Enamel frit may be applied in liquid form or may also form of powder.
• In case of liquid form,the addition of certain ingredients (suspension,
refractory,colouring agents, electrolytes and opacifiers), the frit is ground
and mixed with water to form a slurry.
• When power form is used,the enamel powder obtained does not require
any additives or further treatment at the enameller and can be directly
used in powder spray guns.

10. Function Of Enamel
CONSTRUCTION
• Enamelded steel has been used to make mega structure or building
construction.

11. Function Of Enamel
It also used for making cookware

12. Function Of Enamel
Enamel is also used for ceramics

13. Function Of Enamel
• Enamel is also used for jewellery

14. Function Of Enamel
• Other uses