August 23, 2015 Trimester: 152 Course ID: CST 1206 Course Title: Computer Applications

1. REPORT
Prepared For
Ms.Sharmin Farah
Lecturer
Prepared By
Group D
Student Name Student ID
Mushfik Ur Rahman 111151512
Athkiya Sharmin 111151632
Taiyeb Ahmed Bhuiyan 111151349
Shagufta Rahman 111151022
CST 1206 (NF)
August 23, 2015
United International University

2. Letter of transmittal
August 23,2015
Ms. Sharmin Farah
Lecturer Faculty of MIS
School of Business and Economics
United International University
Subject: Submission of Report.
Dear Ma’m,
We are pleased to submit the report that you asked for & gave us the authorization
to work on “Newest developments in outer space (existing and emerging)”. We tried
our best to work on it carefully and sincerely to make the report informative.
The study we conducted enhanced our knowledge to make an executive report. This
report has given us an exceptional experience that might have immense uses in the
future endeavors and I sincerely hope that it would be able to fulfill your
expectations.
We have put our sincere effort to give this report a presentable shape and make it as
informative and precise as possible. We thank you for providing us with this unique
opportunity.
Sincerely yours,
1. Mushfik Ur Rahman
2. Athkiya Sharmin
3. Taiyeb Ahmed Bhuiyan
4. Shagufta Rahman

3. Acknowledgement
It is our esteemed pleasure to present the project report on “Newest
developments in outer space (existing and emerging)”.
We express our deep gratitude to our course guide, Ms. Sharmin Farah
(Lecturer-MIS, School of Business and Economics), who have gave us the
inspiration to pursue the project and guided us in this endeavor. She has been
a constant source of motivation and encouragement for us. We thank her for
all the initiative and zeal she filled us with throughout the project work.

4. Executive summary

5. Table of content
Contents
Introduction...............................................................................................................................6
Description................................................................................................................................8
Newest developments in outer space (existing & emerging) ........................................ 11
1.Wild inflatable space elevator idea................................................................................. 11
2.Asteroid impact early-warning system's 1st telescope (atlas#1) up & running ....... 13
3.Gecko Feet Inspire Climbing Space Robots................................................................. 14
4.Nasa finds closest earth twin (kepler 452b exoplanet) yet in haul of 500 alien
planets.................................................................................................................................... 16
5.Found 'young jupiter',(51 eridani b) the smallest exoplanet directly seen by
telescope ............................................................................................................................... 17
Advantages/Features........................................................................................................... 20
Disadvantages ...................................................................................................................... 22
Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 24
Reference .............................................................................................................................. 25

6. Introduction
Outer space, or simply just space, is the void that exists between celestial bodies,
including the Earth. It is not completely empty, but consists of a hard vacuum
containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and
helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust and
cosmic rays. The baseline temperature, as set by the background radiation from the
Big Bang, is 2.7 kelvin (K). Plasma with a number density of less than one hydrogen
atom per cubic metre and a temperature of millions of kelvin in the space between
galaxies accounts for most of the baryonic (ordinary) matter in outer space; local
concentrations have condensed into stars and galaxies. In most galaxies,
observations provide evidence that 90% of the mass is in an unknown form, called
dark matter, which interacts with other matter through gravitational but not
electromagnetic forces. Data indicates that the majority of the mass-energy in the
observable Universe is a poorly understood vacuum energy of space which
astronomers label dark energy. Intergalactic space takes up most of the volume of
the Universe, but even galaxies and star systems consist almost entirely of empty
space.
There is no firm boundary
where space begins. However
the Kármán line, at an altitude
of 100 km (62 mi) above sea
level, is conventionally used as
the start of outer space in space
treaties and for aerospace
records keeping. The
framework for international
space law was established by the Outer Space Treaty, which was passed by the
United Nations in 1967. This treaty precludes any claims of national sovereignty and
permits all states to freely explore outer space. Despite the drafting of UN resolutions
for the peaceful uses of outer space, anti-satellite weapons have been tested in
Earth orbit.

7. Humans began the physical exploration of space during the 20th century with the
advent of high-altitude balloon flights, followed by manned rocket launches. Earth
orbit was first achieved by Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union in 1961 and unmanned
spacecraft have since reached all of the known planets in the Solar System. Due to
the high cost of getting into space, manned spaceflight has been limited to low Earth
orbit and the Moon.
Outer space represents a
challenging environment for
human exploration because of
the dual hazards of vacuum
and radiation. Microgravity
also has a negative effect on
human physiology that causes
both muscle atrophy and bone
loss. In addition to these
health and environmental
issues, the economic cost of
putting objects, including
humans, into space is high.

8. Description
The modern concept of outer space is based on the "Big Bang" cosmology, first
proposed in 1931 by the Belgian physicist Georges Lemaître. This theory holds that
the observable Universe originated from a very compact form that has since
undergone continuous expansion. The background energy released during the initial
expansion has steadily decreased in density, leading to a 1948 prediction by
American physicts Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman of a temperature of 5 K for the
temperature of space.
The term outer space was used as early as 1842 by the English poet Lady Emmeline
Stuart-Wortley in her poem "The Maiden of Moscow". The expression outer space
was used as an astronomical term by Alexander von Humboldt in 1845. It was later
popularized in the writings of H. G. Wells in 1901. The shorter term space is actually
older, first used to mean the region beyond Earth's sky in John Milton's Paradise
Lost in 1667.
Outer space is the closest known
approximation to a perfect vacuum. It
has effectively no friction, allowing
stars, planets and moons to move
freely along their ideal orbits.
However, even the deep vacuum of
intergalactic space is not devoid of
matter, as it contains a few hydrogen
atoms per cubic meter. By
comparison, the air we breathe
contains about 1025 molecules per
cubic meter. The sparse density of
matter in outer space means that electromagnetic radiation can travel great
distances without being scattered: the mean free path of a photon in intergalactic
space is about 1023 km, or 10 billion light years. In spite of this, extinction, which is
the absorption and scattering of photons by dust and gas, is an important factor in
galactic and intergalactic astronomy.

9. Stars, planets and moons retain their atmospheres by gravitational attraction.
Atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas
gradually decreases with distance from the object until it becomes indistinguishable
from the surrounding environment. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about
0.032 Pa at 100 kilometers (62 miles) of altitude, compared to 100,000 Pa for the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) definition of standard
pressure. Beyond this altitude, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant
when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the
solar wind. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure,
temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather.
The temperature of the vacuum is measured in terms of the kinetic activity of the
gas, as it is on Earth. However, the radiation that fills the vacuum has a different
temperature than the kinetic temperature of the gas, meaning that the gas and
radiation are not in thermodynamic equilibrium.[48][49] All of the observable Universe is
filled with photons that were created during the Big Bang, which is known as the
cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB). (There is quite likely a
correspondingly large number of neutrinos called the cosmic neutrino
background.[50]) The current black body temperature of the background radiation is
about 3 K (−270 °C; −454 °F). The gas temperatures in outer space are always at
least the temperature of the CMB but can be much higher. For example, the corona
of the Sun has temperatures which range over 1.2–2.6 million K.

10. Outside of a protective atmosphere and magnetic field, there are few obstacles to
the passage through space of energetic subatomic particles known as cosmic rays.
These particles have energies ranging from about 106 eV up to an extreme 1020 eV
of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.[53] The peak flux of cosmic rays occurs at energies
of about 109 eV, with approximately 87% protons, 12% helium nuclei and 1% heavier
nuclei. In the high energy range, the flux of electrons is only about 1% of that of
protons.[54] Cosmic rays can damage electronic components and pose a health
threat to space travelers. According to astronauts, like Don Pettit, space has a
burned/metallic odor that clings to their suits and equipment, similar to the scent of
an arc welding torch.
Despite the harsh environment, several life forms have
been found that can withstand extreme space conditions
for extended periods. Species of lichen carried on the
ESA BIOPAN facility survived exposure for ten days in
2007. Seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana
tabacum germinated after being exposed to space for 1.5
years. A strain of bacillus subtilis has survived 559 days
when exposed to low-Earth orbit or a simulated martian
environment. The lithopanspermia hypothesis suggests
that rocks ejected into outer space from life-harboring
planets may successfully transport life forms to another habitable world. A conjecture
is that just such a scenario occurred early in the history of the Solar System, with
potentially microorganism-bearing rocks being exchanged between Venus, Earth,
and Mars.
Space is a partial vacuum: its different regions are defined by the various
atmospheres and "winds" that dominate within them, and extend to the point at
which those winds give way to those beyond. Geospace extends from Earth's
atmosphere to the outer reaches of Earth's magnetic field, whereupon it gives way to
the solar wind of interplanetary space. Interplanetary space extends to the
heliopause, whereupon the solar wind gives way to the winds of the interstellar
medium.[95] Interstellar space then continues to the edges of the galaxy, where it
fades into the intergalactic void.

11. Newest developments in outer space
(existing & emerging)
1. Wild inflatable space elevator idea
Space elevators usually refer to devices where cars, or “climbers,” pull themselves
up a long, flexible metal ribbon stretching from Earth to geosynchronous orbit, and
held taught by the centrifugal force of a huge anchor weight at the end. The idea is to
make “launch” to orbit several orders of magnitude cheaper and safer, so next-gen
space projects like the colonization of Mars might become practically possible. A
space elevator would allow us to power a launch to space with electricity, rather than
explosive chemical energy, and thus beat the majority of Earth’s gravity for far, far
less investment.
A Canadian space company was recently awarded a patent for a space elevator that
would reach about 12 miles (20 kilometers) above the Earth's surface. The elevator
features a commercial space launch runway at the top, where single-stage reusable
spacecraft can launch and land in thin atmosphere, and slightly reduced gravity. This
would be well matched with other next-gen space technology programs, like several
ongoing reusable spacecraft from companies like Lockheed and SpaceX, including
those that can do vertical takeoff vertical landing (VTVL) maneuvers.
Although space elevators have been considered a theoretical technology, they have
been billed as a cheaper alternative to rocket launches, especially when it comes to
sending heavy
objects or people
into space.
According to Thoth
Technology Inc., the
company that was
awarded the patent,

12. the U.S. patent allows for an elevator that would be 30 percent cheaper than the fuel
required by a conventional rocket. Also, the system would be fully reusable, further
reducing costs, the company said.
"Astronauts would ascend to 20 km by electrical elevator," inventor Brendan Quine
said in a statement. "From the top of the tower, space planes will launch in a single
stage to orbit, returning to the top of the tower for refueling and reflight."
Space transportation options will increase if other companies contribute to the effort
of developing alternatives to traditional rockets, noted Thoth CEO Caroline Roberts.
For instance, SpaceX is testing self-landing rockets, and the company has made
several attempts at landing a version of its Falcon 9 rocket on a sea barge drone, in
a move that SpaceX says will eventually decrease launch costs.
"Landing on a barge at sea level is a great demonstration," Roberts said, "but
landing at 12 miles above sea level will make spaceflight more like taking a
passenger jet."
On the product page, Thoth said it is an original equipment manufacturer of
"miniaturized payloads for space and UAV platforms." The company flew a
greenhouse-gas sensor called Argus IR aboard the CanX-2 microsatellite in 2008.

13. Thoth Technology is also working on several missions still in the development
phase, such as the Northern Light lander concept for Mars and an Extrasolar
Spectroscopy of Planets mission that would probe for elements in the atmospheres
of alien planets.
2. Asteroid impact early-warning system's 1st
telescope (atlas#1) up & running
The first Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System telescope is now in operation
on Haleakala – on the Hawaiian island of Maui.
Known as ATLAS, the telescope is part of an asteroid impact early-warning system
being developed by the University of Hawaii and funded by NASA. Once completed
in 2015, ATLAS will consist of two telescopes 100 miles (62 kilometers) apart that
will automatically scan the whole sky several times every night looking for moving
objects.
The promise of ATLAS is that it can provide
one day's warning for a 30-kiloton "town killer,"
a week for a 5-megaton "city killer" and three
weeks for a 100-megaton "county killer."
The telescope is located on Maui's Haleakala
volcano and "is working well and producing
useful images," according to a post on the ATLAS website. "We anticipate full
resolution after some adjustments are made to the Schmidt corrector. The mount
also performs well though it will require some fine-tuning to achieve ATLAS' stringent
tracking specifications."
"All aspects of this whole system are
very much under development right
now. However, the existing system on
Haleakala can survey the entire sky in

14. a little more than one night, and we have begun accumulating images,"
ATLAS representatives added in a July 30,2015 update.
ATLAS Telescope #2 is to be situated on Mauna Loa, a volcano located on the main
island of Hawaii. In the end of August 2015, the ATLAS team was expected to meet
with representatives from NASA and South Africa during the International
Astronomical Union meeting in Honolulu. Discussions are to focus on the possibility
of a third ATLAS unit in South Africa.
3.Gecko Feet Inspire Climbing Space Robots
NASA robots may climb the walls of the International Space Station one day using
grippers inspired by the super-adhesive feet of geckoes.
Scientists at the space agency's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena,
California, are developing a "gecko gripper" system that could help robots inspect
and repair the space station's exterior, and perhaps conduct a wide range of
activities in Earth orbit. NASA released a video describing the gecko space robot
concept Wednesday (Aug. 12,2015).
"We might eventually grab satellites to repair them, service them, and we also could
grab space garbage and try to clear it out of the way," JPL engineer Aaron Parness
said in a statement.
Gecko feet aren't sticky in the same way that tape
is. Rather, the lizards rely on millions of tiny hair
like protrusions that become powerfully adhesive
when bent due to a phenomenon called van der
Waals forces.
Because the electrons orbiting a molecule's
nucleus aren't evenly spaced, even a neutral
(uncharged) molecule has a positive side and a

15. negative side. The positive side of one molecule attracts the negative side of
neighboring molecules, and vice versa, generating the "stickiness" that allows
geckoes to scuttle up walls and across ceilings with ease.
The lizards can turn this adhesive force on by pushing their feet down and bending
the tiny "hairs," Parness said.
"This is how the gecko does it, by weighting its feet," he said.
The JPL team's gecko gripper works in pretty much the same way. Parness and his
colleagues created a material studded with synthetic hairs, each of them much
smaller than a human hair. When this material is pushed against a surface, it
adheres.
The latest generation of grippers
can support more than 150
Newton’s of force, which is the
equivalent of 35 lbs. (16
kilograms), researchers said.
In a microgravity flight test last
year through Nasa's Space
Technology Mission
Directorate's Flight
Opportunities Programme, the
gecko-gripping technology was used to grapple a 10 kilogramme cube and a 100
kilogramme person.
The gripping system doesn't lose its stickiness over time the way tape does,
researchers added, and it should work well in all environments — even those
featuring extreme temperatures, pressures and/or radiation conditions.
Parness and the team have already started testing out the gecko gripper in the
microgravity environment, using the technology to grab and manipulate objects
during parabolic airplane flights.

16. The researchers have also affixed gecko-gripper feet to a climbing robot called
Lemur 3, which can clamber over simulated solar panels and other spacecraft parts
as a result.
4.Nasa finds closest earth twin (kepler 452b
exoplanet) yet in haul of 500 alien planets
It may not be Earth's exact twin, but it's a pretty close cousin.
NASA's Kepler space telescope has spotted the most Earth-like alien planet yet
discovered — a world called Kepler-452b that's just slightly bigger than our own and
orbits a sunlike star at about the same distance Earth circles the sun.
"This is the first possibly rocky, habitable planet around a solar-type star," Jeff
Coughlin, Kepler research scientist at the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
(SETI) Institute in Mountain View, California, said during a news briefing on July
23,2015.
"We've gotten closer and closer to
finding a true twin like the Earth,"
Coughlin added. "We haven't found it
yet, but every step is important because
it shows we're getting closer and closer.
And this current planet, 452b, is really
the closest yet."
Scientists have discovered other small,
potentially habitable exoplanets, but those previous finds orbited red dwarfs, stars
much smaller and cooler than the sun. Kepler-452b lies 1,400 light-years away, and
is the only planet known in its solar system. It's about 60 percent wider than Earth,
which gives it a "better than even" chance of being rocky, researchers said. The
planet is probably about five times more massive than our own, making it a so-called
"super Earth." It likely possesses a thick atmosphere, lots of water and active
volcanoes.

17. The exoplanet completes one
orbit every 385 days, so its year
is only slightly longer than
Earth's. And Kepler-452b circles
a sunlike star that's just 10
percent bigger and 20 percent
brighter than the one that hangs
in Earth's sky.
"It would feel a lot like home,
from the standpoint of the sunshine that you would experience," said Jon Jenkins,
Kepler data analysis lead at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field,
California. (Jenkins led the team that discovered Kepler-452b.)
But Kepler-452b's star appears to be considerably older than the sun — 6 billion
years, compared to 4.5 billion years.
"It’s awe-inspiring to consider that this planet has spent 6 billion years in the
habitable zone of its star; longer than Earth," Jenkins said in a statement, referring to
that just-right range of distances that could support the existence of liquid water on a
world's surface. "That’s substantial opportunity for life to arise, should all the
necessary ingredients and conditions for life exist on this planet."
5.Found 'young jupiter',(51 eridani b) the smallest
exoplanet directly seen by telescope
Astronomers have found the smallest
planet outside this solar system yet to be
directly photographed by a telescope on
Earth, a methane-shrouded gas giant
much like a young Jupiter.
This newfound alien planet, called 51
Eridani b, orbits a star about 96 light-

18. years from Earth in a planetary system that may be much like Earth's own solar
system. The discovery could shed light on how our solar system formed, scientists
added.
Scientists focused on 51 Eridani, a yellow-white dwarf star about 1.5 times the mass
and diameter of the sun located roughly 96 light-years away from Earth in the
Southern Hemisphere constellation Eridanus. This star, also known as 51 Eri, is very
young, only 20 million years old. In comparison, the sun is about 4.6 billion years old.
Young stars and planetary systems in the early ages of development can shed light
on how Earth's solar system was born and evolved. 51 Eri is one of 600 young stars
within about 300 light-years of Earth that the Gemini Planet Imager is slated to
analyze in the next three years. So far, researchers have scanned nearly 100 of
these stars.
"51 Eri is one of the best stars for imaging young planets," study co-author Eric
Nielsen at Stanford University and the SETI Institute, said in a statement. "It's one of
the very youngest stars this close to the sun. 51 Eri was born 20 million years ago,
40 million years after the dinosaurs died out."
51 Eridani b, or 51 Eri b as it is also known, is more than a million times fainter than
its star, and it still glows from the heat of its creation. The planet orbits its star at a
distance of about 13 astronomical units, or about 13 times the span between Earth
and the sun. This is between the distances of Saturn and Uranus from the sun. One
astronomical unit is about 93 million
miles (150 million kilometers).
Planet 51 Eri b was discovered only a
month after the Gemini Planet Imager
began operations, in 2014.
"This is the first exoplanet discovered
with the Gemini Planet Imager," study co-
author Franck Marchis, senior planetary
astronomer at the SETI Institute, said in

19. a statement. "Gemini Planet Imager is far more sensitive than its predecessors. In
fact, the 51 Eri system had been observed by four previous-generation instruments
that all missed the planet completely."51 Eri b is only about twice the mass of
Jupiter."51 Eri b is in many ways a young Jupiter," Macintosh.

20. Advantages/Features
Wild inflatable space elevator idea:
This space elevator would reach about 12 miles
(20 kilometers) above the Earth's surface. This system would be 30 percent cheaper
than the fuel required by a conventional rocket. Also, the system would be fully
reusable, further reducing costs.
Asteroid impact early-warning
system's 1st telescope (atlas#1) up &
running:
This system promises that it can
provide one day's warning for a 30-kiloton
"town killer," a week for a 5-megaton "city
killer" and three weeks for a 100-megaton
"county killer."
Gecko feet inspire climbing space
robots:
a "gecko gripper" system could help
robots inspect and repair the space station's exterior, and perhaps conduct a wide
range of activities in Earth orbit. This might eventually grab satellites to repair them,
service them, and could grab space garbage and try to clear it out of the way. The
latest generation of grippers can support more than 150 Newton’s of force, which is
the equivalent of 35 lbs. (16 kilograms), researchers said.
Nasa finds closest earth twin (kepler 452b exoplanet) yet in haul of 500 alien
planets:
This is the first possibly rocky, habitable planet around a solar-type star. It's
about 60 percent wider than Earth, which gives it a "better than even" chance of
being rocky, researchers said. The planet is probably about five times more massive
than Earth, making it a so-called "super Earth." It lies 1,400 light-years away, and is

21. the only planet known in its solar system. It likely possesses a thick atmosphere, lots
of water and active volcanoes. The exoplanet completes one orbit every 385 days,
so its year is only slightly longer than Earth's. And it circles a sunlike star that's just
10 percent bigger and 20 percent brighter than the Sun.
Found 'young jupiter',(51 eridani b) the smallest exoplanet directly seen by
telescope:
It is a yellow-white dwarf star about 1.5 times the mass and diameter of the
sun located roughly 96 light-years away from Earth in the Southern Hemisphere
constellation Eridanus. This is the first exoplanet discovered with the Gemini Planet
Imager. It is a very young star, only 20 million years old. In comparison, the sun is
about 4.6 billion years old. It is more than a million times fainter than its star, and it
still glows from the heat of its creation. It is only about twice the mass of Jupiter and
in many ways it is a young Jupiter.

22. Disadvantages
Wild inflatable space elevator idea:
It’s an odd design, even by the standards of lifts to
the heavens, and it makes some key compromises that make it less useful than a
traditional space elevator design. But those very compromises mean that it might just
be feasible enough to make a debut in the real, actual world.
Nasa finds closest earth twin (kepler 452b exoplanet) yet in haul of 500 alien
planets:
It is impossible to judge whether it is similar to Earth with the few parameters
we have – it might just as well resemble Venus, or something entirely different. It
was detected by the Kepler telescope, which looks for small dips in a star’s
brightness as planets pass across its surface. It is a method that measures the
planet’s size, but not its mass. Conditions on Kepler-452b are therefore entirely
estimated from just two data points: the planet’s size and the radiation it receives
from its star. It was found to be 60% larger than the Earth. It orbits a sun-like star

23. once every 385 days. As a result, the planet receives a similar amount of radiation
as we do from the sun; just 10% higher. This puts the Kepler-452b in the so-called
“habitable zone”; a term that sounds excitingly promising for life, but is actually
misleading. Based on an Earth-like density, Kepler-452b would be five times more
massive than our planet. This would correspond to a stronger gravitational pull,
capable of drawing in a thick atmosphere to create a potential runaway greenhouse
effect, which means that the planet’s temperature continues to climb. This could be
especially problematic as the increasing energy from its ageing sun is likely to be
heating up the surface. Any water present on the planet’s surface would then boil
away, leaving a super-Venus, rather than a super-Earth. Kepler-452b is alone. As far
as we know, there are no other planets in the same system. This is an issue
because it was most likely our giant gas planets that helped direct water to Earth. At
our position from the sun, the dust grains that came together to form the Earth were
too warm to contain ice. Instead, they produced a dry planet that later had its water
most likely delivered by icy meteorites. These frozen seas formed in the colder outer
solar system and were kicked towards Earth by Jupiter’s huge gravitational tug. No
Jupiter analogue for Kepler-452b might mean no water and therefore, no
recognisable life.

24. Conclusion

25. Reference
http://www.space.com/ Space and NASA news, universe and deep space
information.
http://www.extremetech.com/ Latest technology news,Tech blog,Extreme tech.