2. introduction
Activation energy and Enzyme
Substrate complx
Advantages of biocatlyst
Synthesis and application
Conclusion
3. Biocatalyst : These are natural substances,
biomolecules including protein.
Biocatalysis: Use of biocatalyst e.g.,
hormone, enzymes from biological sources
or whole cell to speed up rate of chemical
reaction without changing their property.
e.g., Invertase enzyme helps in the
inversion of sugar to form glucose and
fructose.
Or sometimes to regulate a reaction.
4. Similar to other catalyst,
a biocatalyst lowers the
activation energy to
progress a reaction with
lower energy
requirements. Fulfilling
the principle no 6 of
Green Chemistry , i.e.,
energy efficiency,
with minimum energy,
max. Synthesis of
product.
5. Some enzymes , with their
confirmational change can
bind to various specific
substrate molecules.
And come back to their
initial conformation after
the product formed
8. ADVANTAGES OF BIOCATALYST:
Biocatalyst exhibit extreme selectivity towards their substrates.
Chemoselectivity:
Act on a single type of functional group. Cleaner and laborious purification of
product(s) from impurities emerging through side-reaction can largely be omitted.
9. Regioselectivity and diastereo selectivity:
with their complex 3D structure, enzymes can distinguish between functional
groups.
10. Enantioselectivity :
Enzymes are chiral catalyst composed of L – amino acids,
Any type of chirality present in the substrate molecule is recognised upon the
formation of the enzyme – substrate complex. Thus a pro-chiral substrate may be
into an optically active product and both enantiomer of a racemic substrate may
react at different rate.
11. A non chiral unit becomes chiral
in such a way that the different
possible stereoisomers are
formed in different quantities.
The chirality is introduced into
the substrate by influence of
enzyme, which is chiral.
12. Biocatalyst can operate at or near room temperature and pressure.
They often use manufacturing equipment that is less complex and less expensive
to build and operate .
Biocatalyst-enabled processes can create products of higher quality .
They are pollution less and easily decomposable at any stage.
Merits of Biocatalyst:
13. Commercial source of enzymes are
obtained from three primary sources i.e.,
animal tissue, plants and microbes .
By isolating microbial strains that
produce the desired enzyme and
optimizing the condition for growth.
Enzyme manufacturers produce enzyme
in accordance with all applicable
governmental regulations , including the
appropriate federal agencies such as FDA
( Food and Drug Administration) ,
Chemical industries , research
laboratories.
14. Biocatalyst are used in food industries for processing.
Nano-enzyme , enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials , for the manufacture of
nano materials.
Biocatalyst are used in diagnostic tests
Biocatalyst are the most important aspect in molecular biology ( DNA replication,
cloning )
e.g., Polymerase ( to polymerise)
Restrictase ( to cut the DNA strands)
DNA ligase ( to bind the DNA strands)
15. The most successful applications are extracellular : in the removal of toxic
substances and the treatment of life-threateneing disorders within the blood
circulation.
e.g., Pancreatic enzyme for the treatment of digestive disorder.
Diagnostic enzymes are used for diagnosis of various disorders in human body.
Disorders Enzymes
Heart attack LDH ( Lactatae
dehydrogenase )
Liver ( pH disorder) Alkaline phosphatase
Diabetes ( Blood and
urine test)
Amylase , Lypase
17. CONCLUSION
Biocatalyst are tools of nature that help
provide everyday products in an
environmentally conscious manner. Current
commercial use of enzymes together with
new applications , will continue to play an
important role in maintaining and
enhancing the quality and protecting the
environment.
18. Truppo, M.D. Biocatalysis in the Pharmaceutical Industry.
Faber,K. Biotransformations in organic chemistry;
Bezborodov, A.M.; Zagustina ,N.A. Enzymatic Biocatalysis in chemical synthesis of
pharmaceuticals.
