THE FRAME GEOMETRY MATCHES THE SHAPE OF THE BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR OPTIMAL DESIGN, THUS MINIMIZING MATERIAL WASTE AND REDUCING THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF FRAMES

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Prepared by :

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TYPES
OF
BUILDINGS

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Examples of Steel Framed Structures
Braced frame Moment resisting
frame
Core and Suspended
floors

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Beam and Column Construction

5. 1.Braced frame: (fig.:1)
Braced frames have single diagonal,
x-braces and k-braces. Lattice and
knee bracing are also used.
Concrete braced frames are often
not used, since shear walls are
superior for construction and lateral
resistance.
Different types of arrangements in
bracings (fig.:2)
Single diagonal.
Cross-braced (X-shaped bracing)
Inverted V-shaped bracing.
Unsymmetrical portal.
Symmetrical portal.
V-shaped bracing.
Fig .1
Fig .2

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Examples of Steel Framed Structures
Saw tooth roof Space frame roof

7. Advantages of using
space grid structure:
•Loads are distributed
more evenly to the
supports.
•There is reduction in
deflection when
compared to two-
dimensional structures
of same span, loading
& size.
•Fixing details are
greatly simplified.
•Modular in nature-
easy dismantling.
Different types

8. Details:
ITPO,
Bangalore.

9. ITPO,
Bangalore.

10. Accessories and Connectors:

11. Vizag
Airport

12. Tidal park,
Chennai.

13. MRTS Chennai

14. Vault:

15. Domes:
Domes present a particularly
efficient and graceful way of
providing cover to large span
areas. The skeletal dome
structure is classified into four
most popular types constructed
in steel.
Ribbed domes are formed form
number of identical rib members
following the meridian line of the
dome.
Schwedler domes are similar to
the above type but the member
are interconnected along their
length by series of horizontal
rings.

17. Support accessories, Germany:

18. Tubular column trees:
Kula Lumpur Airport

19. Tubular column trees:
Kula Lumpur Airport

20.  The form of the Swiss
Re Building is
achieved by a circular
plan that widens as it
rises from its base
and then tapers
towards its peak.
This allows the floors
that occur towards
the middle of the
tower to offer more
floor space.
 In addition, wind is not
deflected to its base as
it is in rectangular
towers, therefore
pedestrians in the
plaza have a comfort
and safe.

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Examples of Steel Framed Structures
Pylon Lattice girderTapered portal

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Types of Pyramids – most stable shapes of structure
Dahi Handi – Pyramidal shape
for stability
Inverted Pyramidal shape
most unstable one
Slovak Radio Building, Bratislava, Slovakia

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Single Bay, Single—Storey Structures
Knee brace 3 – pin portal Flat

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 THE FRAME GEOMETRY MATCHES THE SHAPE OF THE BENDING
MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR OPTIMAL DESIGN, THUS MINIMIZING
MATERIAL WASTE AND REDUCING THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF FRAMES.

27. 4/4/2020 27
VEHICLE TESTING UNIT FOR TUV SUD
SOUTH EAST ASIA AT MUNDKA, NEW DELHI

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TYPES
OF
BRIDGES

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Forces
When something pushes down on the beam, the
beam bends. Its top edge is pushed together, and its
bottom edge is pulled apart.
Beam Bridge

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Basic Concepts
Truss - a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces
joined to form a series of triangles or other stable shapes
Stable - (adj.) ability to resist collapse and deformation;
stability (n.) characteristic of a structure that is able to
carry a realistic load without collapsing or deforming
significantly
Deform - to change
shape

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Two-legged Support
Three-legged Support
Suspension Bridge
Twin blade Support
Cable Stayed Bridge

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Forces
The arch is squeezed together, and this squeezing force is
carried outward along the curve to the supports at each
end. The supports, called abutments, push back on the
arch and prevent the ends of the arch from spreading apart.
Types of Bridges
Arch Bridges

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Cable stayed Bridge Suspension Cable Bridge

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Forces
In all suspension bridges, the roadway hangs from
massive steel cables, which are draped over two towers
and secured into solid concrete blocks, called anchorages,
on both ends of the bridge. The cars push down on the
roadway, but because the roadway is suspended, the
cables transfer the load into compression in the two
towers. The two towers support most of the bridge's
weight.
Types of Bridges
Suspension Bridges

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The cable-stayed bridge, like the suspension bridge,
supports the roadway with massive steel cables, but in a
different way. The cables run directly from the roadway up
to a tower, forming a unique "A" shape.
Cable-stayed bridges are becoming the most popular
bridges for medium-length spans (between 500 and 3,000
feet).
Types of Bridges
Cable-Stayed Bridge

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46.  Every system will have goals and specify what
the system is to accomplish and how it will effect
the environment and other systems
 They are made in statements of specific design
objectives such as
◦ purpose
◦ time limitation
◦ cost limitation
◦ environmental constraints
◦ AESTHETICS
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47.  Design for strength
◦ Specifies that the design resistance of a structural
component is greater than the required strength to
transmit the loads safely
 Design for serviceability
◦ In the serviceability design criteria for structures, the
designer seeks to make the structure sufficiently stiff so
that its deflections under the most adverse working loads
will not affect its serviceability
◦ DESIGN FOR AESTHETICS
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48.  Wall-bearing construction
 Beam and column construction
 Trusses
 Rigid frames
 Arches
 Suspension cables and cable-stayed systems
 Steel lamella roof
 Dome
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49. Prepared by :
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