This presentation is about the work of Post modern Sociological thinkers Daniel Bell and Michel Foucault.

2. Presentation of Sociological Theory
To,
Sir Shehzad Khaver Mushtaq
Prepared by,
1) Mehwish Sultana (Roll#52)
2) Saba Asghar (Roll#12)
3) Rabia Mukhtar (Roll#32)
4) Sohaib Hamza (Roll#41)
5) M. Sami ur Rehman (Roll#19)
BS Sociology 4th

3. Postmodern Grand
Theories
Daniel Bell & Michel Foucault

4. Introduction
Here we discuss some grand theories.
Most grand theories deals with the contemporary
world.
Most of the grand theories created by those
thinkers who consider themselves to be modernist.
Postmodern social theories are created by
postmodern thinkers.
Postmodern theories are actually a critique on
modern theories.

5. Daniel Bell

6. Conti…
Daniel Bell was an American sociologist.
Born in 1919 and died in 2011.
Bell received his Ph.D. from Columbia University
in 1960.
He join Harvard from 1960s to 2011.
The End of Ideology (1960), The Coming of
Post-Industrial Society (1973), and The Cultural
Contradictions of Capitalism (1976) are major
books of Bell.

7. Industrial Society
An industrial society is one that uses
advances in technology to drive a strong
manufacturing industry that will support a large
population.

8. Post Industrial Society
“The post-industrial society is the stage of
society's development when the service sector
generates more wealth than the manufacturing
sector of the economy.”
Bell’s primary concern is postindustrial society.
The coming of postindustrial society affects the
social structure, the economy, the work world,
science and technology.

9. Industrial Postindustrial
Transition to Postindustrial
Changes in Social Structure
Production of goods.
Importance of blue-
collor and white-collor.
Practical knowledge.
High capacity to
produce and distribute.
Provision of services.
Professionals and
technical workers.
Theoretical knowledge.
Scientific research
come to be
institutionalize.

10. Types of Societies
a. Pre-industrial Society
b. Industrial Society
c. Post-industrial Society
Bell outlines a number of differences between
Preindustrial, Industrial and Postindustrial societies.

11. Preindustrial Society

12. Conti…
Occupationally, it was dominated by formers,
miners, fishermen and unskilled workers.
The challenge is to be able to extract things from
the nature in the realm of mining, fishing, forestry
and agriculture.
The land owners and military hold the power and
exercise directly.

13. Industrial Society

14. Conti…
Semi-skilled workers and engineers.
The challenge is to deal with machines through
more sophisticated coordination, scheduling,
programming and organization.
Business people have the lion’s share of power.
They exercise it by influencing politicians.

16. Postindustrial Society
Professionals and technical scientists.
The main challenge is other people. Difference in
knowledge is a great advantage in dealing with
clients.
Scientists and researchers become as the
dominant figure and they seek to balance technical
and political forces.

17. Increasing Governmentality

18. Michel Foucault

19. Conti…
Paul-Michel Foucault was born in 1926 in western
France.
Precursor of postmodern social theory.
He does not see continuities.
Does not view history unfolding in a unilinear and
unidirectional fashion.
There are some differences between Foucault’s
grand theories and those of modernist.

20. Modernists Foucault
Conti…
 Search for origin of social
development(giving
answers).
 Focus on coherence (What
holds things together for a
time).
 Continuity in developments
over time.
 Describe and analyze
social reality (Raising
questions).
 Focuses on incoherence
(internal contradictions).
 Emphasizes the
discontinuities and ruptures
that characterize social
history.

21. Governmentality
Def.
“Governmentality is a term coined by
philosopher Michel Foucault, and refers to the way
in which the state exercises control over, or governs,
the body of its populace.”
Foucault introduced Governmentality during his
lectures on bio-politics at the College de France in
the late 1970s and early 1980s.

22. Conti…
Concept of Bio-power.
Modernism concept of power and control.
Postmodernism concept of power and
control.

23. Discipline and Punish
Discipline and Punish in Modernism and
Postmodernism.
Physical punishment.
Non-physical punishment.

24. Instruments of Observation and
Control
1. Hierarchical observation
Example of Panopticon style prison.

25. Conti…
2. Normalizing Judgments
Those in power can decide what is normal
and what is abnormal on a variety of dimensions.
Those who violate the norms can then be punished
by the officials.

26. Conti…
3. Examination
A way of examining subordinates and judging
what they are doing.
Checking up on subordinates.

27. Increasing Disciplinary Power
Ability to punish increased due to the new and
better methods of disciplinary power.
Torture may have been cruel but limited.
Carceral Archipelago:
An image of society that results from the idea
that discipline is swarming through society.

28. Microphysics of Power
Power exist at micro level.
Efforts to exercise that power.
Efforts to contest its efforts.