mechanical, chemical and fire hazard problems, inflammable gases and dusts and safety methods in pharmaceutical industry

1. Dr Samia Ghani
m.Phil Pharmaceutics

2. 
Hazard is a term associated with a substance,
 That is likely to cause injury to a personnel,(or)
 One which may lead to loss of property, products etc (or)
 A substance that might prove fatal to the personnel.
Risk is a measure of the probability that harm will occur under defined
conditions of exposure to a chemical. (Patrick et al., 1986).
Safety in simple terms means freedom from the occurrence of risk or
injury or loss and danger to persons, property from the industrial hazards.
(Shah Prakashan,2007).
 Industrial safety refers to the protection of workers from the danger of
industrial accidents.
Introduction

3. 
 R = f (H x E) = f (H x D x t)
Where R=Risk, f=function, H=Hazard, E= Exposure
,D=Dose, t=time.
 Thus, chemicals which pose only a small hazard but
to which there is frequent or excessive exposure may
pose as much risk as chemicals which have a high
degree of hazard but to which only limited exposure
occurs
 Reducing risk is based on reducing exposure
Risk

4. 
Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition
produced by industries that may cause injury or
death to personnel or loss of product or property.
Toxic corrosive chemicals, fire explosions and
personnel falling into accident are major health and
safety hazards encountered in the operations of
chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
Identification of hazards and employing protective
measures to control the hazards are important to
protect the people from their consequences.
Definition

5. 
 Large exposures to chemicals can affect human health
directly or indirectly.
 Disrupting ecological systems that exist in rivers, lakes,
oceans, streams, and wetlands
 The release of chemicals into the environment can have
global impacts
 Chemicals can be transported throughout the
atmosphere and are not bound by borders
 All the changes that occur in the environment affect
people.
 Ultimately people can be exposed to any substance that
enters the environment.
Industrial hazard

6. 
There are three main routes by which hazardous
chemicals enter the body:
absorption through the respiratory tract through
inhalation.
absorption or injection through the skin or eyes.
absorption through the digestive tract.
This can occur through eating or smoking with
contaminated hands or in contaminated work areas.
Routes of industrial hazard
entry into body

7. 
Acute poisoning is characterized by rapid absorption of the
substance and the exposure is sudden & severe.
Normally, a single large exposure is involved.
Examples: carbon monoxide or cyanide poisoning.
Chronic poisoning is characterized by prolonged or repeated
exposures of a duration measured in days, months or years.
Symptoms may not be immediately apparent, but tend to
build up in the body as a result of chronic exposure.
The effects are not seen until a critical body burden is
reached.
Examples: lead or mercury
Types of hazards
toxicity

8. 
2019 rank Substance name
1 ARSENIC
2 LEAD
3 MERCURY
4 VINYL CHLORIDE
5 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
6 BENZENE
7 CADMIUM
8 BENZO(A)PYRENE
9 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
10 BENZO(B)FLUORANTHENE
2019 most toxic hazardous
substance list by ATSDR

9. 
 Understand the harmful effects of industrial hazards
 Define the relationship between hazard and risk
 Explore the routes of exposure to industrial hazards
 Shed lights on type of toxicity by industrial hazards
 Know the most toxic environmental hazardous
substances.
Objectives of industrial
safety

10. 
 Hazardous wastes to be collected, treated, stored and disposed
off only on authorised places.
 Authorisation for above to be issued by Pakistan Environmental
Protection Council (PEPC).
 Hazardous waste to be packed and transported in sufficiently
safe conditions.
 State government or a person authorised shall undertake a
continuing programme to identify the sites and publish
periodically an inventory of disposal sites within the state for
Hazardous waste rules

11. 
1. Biological hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Mechanical hazards
4. Physical hazards
5. Electrical hazards
6. Fire and dust hazards
7. Pharmaceutical hazards
Types of hazards

12. 
 A biological hazard is one originating from an organism
that is foreign to the organism being affected.
 Many biological hazards are associated with food,
including certain viruses, parasites, fungi, bacteria, and
plant and seafood toxins.
 Disease in human can come from biological hazards in the
form of infection by bacteria, antigens, car, plane, bus,
viruses and parasites.
Biological hazards

13. 
 Disease due to biological hazards
 Brucellosis (dairy industry)
 Byssinosis (textile industry)
 Bagassosis (sugar-cane)
 Loco motor disorder
 Preventive measures Periodic health check up
Personal protection
 The manufacturer should also provide
 First aid facilities Initial examination
Facility for vaccination
 Routine sanitation programme
Biological hazards

14. 
Many chemicals can cause severe burns, if these
coming to contact with living tissue or other routes
like inhalation.
 Living tissue may be destroyed by chemical reactions
such as dehydration, digestion, oxidation etc.
 Eye and mucus membrane of the throat are
particularly susceptible to the effect of corrosive
dust, mist and gases.
 Chloroform, benzene, chlorinated hydro carbons,
low boiling fractions of petroleum are some of the
common organic solvents used in pharmaceutical
industry.(Muir,2002).
Chemical hazards

15. 
AIR BORN TOXICS
Irritants
Ipecac,podophyllumetc,
Asphyxiants
 Carbondioxide, monoxide, methane, ethane, hydrogen cyanide,
 hydrogen sulphide, helium,nitrogen
etc.,. Narcotics/anaesthetics
 Acetone, ether, chloroform, methyl-ethyl ketone etc.,.
 CARCINOGENS
 Coaltar, cresote oil, anthracene oil, parafin oils, chromium,
nickel, cobalt etc.,.
SOURCES OF CHEMICAL
HAZARDS

16. 
 One of the best-studied examples of PAHs is
benzo[a]pyrene (BaP).
 It does not attack DNA itself, but reactive intermediates
are formed within cells, with a reactive epoxide ring.
 This modified molecule is perfectly designed to be a mutagen.
 The flat, planar ring looks just like a DNA base, so the molecule
slips into the stack of bases comfortably. Then, the reactive
epoxide attacks
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)

17. 
 Upon oxidation, PAHs produce
highly reactive diol epoxide
enantiomers.
 Upon binding chemically
to DNA, it gives rise to
DNA adducts with very
different structures and
biological activities.
 The DNA adducts is a
 bulky aromatic ring
 attached to the base of
 DNA, block replication and
 transcription

18. 
 Metals comprise three-fourths of the elements in the
periodic table.
 A few of the metals are essential for life. Most of the
known metals are quite toxic to living organisms when
present in excess.
Heavy metals

19. 
Class B (Sr)
Bones building, teeth
strength, IV for
prostate cancer
Class C
(Zn cell division, cell growth,
wound healing,smell and taste
sense, Cu, iron absorption, CVD
and osteoporosis prevention)
Class D
(Hg tremors, kindly thyroid
harm, Pbabdominal pain
aggression, sleep apnea,
loss of dvlmpnt skills)
Class A (Fe)
production of
hb, myoglobin.
Toxicity
Biological
Function
Metals classification

20. 
Industrial Activities & Waste
Breathing vapors
Dental Amalgam
(liquid Mercury and alloy mixture
to fill cavities)
Contaminated Solis
25-Aug-15 54
Exposure to heavy
metals

21. 
 Inhibition of heme biosynthesis, heme is
the essential structural component of
hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes
(Pb). Binds to sulfhydryl groups (-SH
groups) of proteins and enzymes.
Inhalation: lung - local irritation and
inhibition of alpha1-antitrypsin associated
with emphysema (Cd) Interfering with
essential metals ions (Zn)
Mechanism of heavy
metals toxicity

22. 
 Removal of the subject from the source(s) of
exposure.
 Treatment with chelating agents, such as EDTA,
Succimer, and Cysteine and N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC
paracetamol overdose)
 Hemodialysis and/or chelating agent
 Administration of some antioxidants, Vitamin C, E
Treatment strategies

23. 
 Formaldehyde is also known as methanal, is a gas with a
strong pungent smell.
 Formaldehyde readily results from the incomplete
combustion of carbon-containing materials.
 Formaldehyde is produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation
of methanol. It may be found in the smoke from forest fires, in
automobile exhaust, and in tobacco smoke.
 Formaldehyde is readily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to form
formic acid
Formaldehyde

24. 
 Most formaldehyde is used in the production of
polymers and other chemicals, in many construction
materials, including carpet, and spray-on insulating
foams.
 formaldehyde is one of the more common indoor air
pollutants.
 Formaldehyde is classified as a probable human
carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer

25. 
 Carcinogenicity: although the risk is small or non- existent, the
possibility that formaldehyde is a human carcinogen cannot be
excluded.
 Urinary Tract Disease: dysuria, suprapubic pain, ureteric and
bladder fibrosis, hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux
 Hypersensitivity : Hypersensitivity to formaldehyde has
had several manifestations
 acute exacerbation of eczema after injection of hepatitis B
vaccine containing formaldehyde
 Skin pruritus, burning, and redness
 Painful, enlarged, and haemorrhagic gingival margins
Formaldehyde toxicity

26. 
 Treat signs and symptoms; no known antidote
 Contaminated skin should be washed with soap and
water
 After ingestion water, milk, and/or charcoal, should
be given
 Acidosis, resulting from metabolism of formaldehyde
to formic acid, may require IV NaHCO3 or Na lactate.
 Haemodialysis could be beneficial
 If seizure occurred, IV benzodiazepines or barbiturates
could be given.

27. 
 Methyl alcohol is used as a pharmaceutical and
industrial solvent.
 It is also used as `wood naphtha' to denature
ethanol in the preparation of industrial
methylated spirits.
 Methyl alcohol is also used as an extraction
solvent in food processing.
 Methyl alcohol is readily absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout
the body fluids.
Methanol

28. 
 Characteristic symptoms of methyl alcohol poisoning are
caused by toxic metabolites and develop after a latent period of
about 12 to 24 hours, or longer
 metabolic acidosis with rapid, shallow breathing
 visual disturbances which often proceed to irreversible
blindness,
 severe abdominal pain, gastrointestinal disturbances, pain
in the back and extremities
 coma which in severe cases may terminate in
 death due to respiratory failure or, rarely, to circulatory collapse
Methanol toxicity

29. 
 Gastric lavage may be considered if the patient
presents within 1 hour of ingesting methyl alcohol
 Activated charcoal is probably of little use as it does
not absorb significant amounts of methyl alcohol
 Metabolic acidosis should be corrected immediately with
intravenous sodium bicarbonate.
 Haemodialysis may be indicated to increase the
removal of methyl alcohol and its toxic metabolites
Treatment of methanol
toxicity

30. 
 Fomepizole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase,
is also used; it inhibits the metabolism of methyl
alcohol to its toxic metabolites.
 Folinic acid and folic acid have been given in
the treatment of methyl alcohol toxicity because
they may enhance the metabolism of formic
acid.

31. 
 Ethylene glycol is commonly encountered in
antifreeze solutions and has been used illicitly to
sweeten some wines
 Ethylene glycol is absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract and is metabolised alcohol
dehydrogenase (ADH) located in liver and gastric
mucosa and cytochorme P-450 MFO in liver.
Ethylene glycol

32. 
 Toxic effects arising from ingestion of ethylene glycol result from
its major metabolites: aldehydes, glycolate, lactate, and oxalate.
Clinical features may be divided into three stages depending on
the time elapsed since ingestion:
 0 -12 hours: the patient may show signs of
drunkenness, nausea, vomiting, convulsions and
neurological defects.
 12 - 24 hours: tachycardia, mild hypertension, pulmonary
oedema, and heart failure.
 24 - 72 hours: flank pain, proteinuria, oxaluria,
haematuria, renal failure, respiratory failure,
cardiovascular c
collapse and sometimes coma and death
Ethylene glycol toxicity

33. 
 The stomach should be emptied by lavage if
ingestion of ethylene glycol was within the
preceding hour.
 metabolic acidosis should be corrected with sodium
bicarbonate intravenously and hypocalcaemia
corrected with calcium gluconate
 Haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may be of
value
Treatment of ethylene
glycol toxicity

34. 
 Benzene occurs as a volatile, colorless, highly
flammable liquid that dissolves easily in water.
 Benzene is used as a constituent in motor fuels; as
a solvent for fats, waxes, resins, oils, inks, paints,
plastics, and rubber; in the extraction of oils from
seeds.
 It is also used as a chemical intermediate, in the
manufacture of detergents, explosives,
pharmaceuticals, and dyestuffs.
Benzene

35. 
 Acute
 Coexposure to benzene with ethanol increase benzene toxicity.
 Inhalation of benzene causes drowsiness, dizziness,
headaches, and unconsciousness in humans.
 Ingestion of large amounts of benzene may result in vomiting,
dizziness, convulsions, and death in humans.
 Exposure to liquid and vapor may irritate the skin (red skin),
eyes, and upper respiratory tract.
 Death may result from exposure to very high levels of benzene.
Benzene toxicity

36. 
 Chronic
 Long-term inhalation of benzene causes
disorders in the blood in humans. specifically
affects bone marrow causing aplastic anemia.
 Excessive bleeding.
 Damage to the immune system.
changes in blood levels of antibodies
leukopenia.
Benzene toxicites

37. 
 Chronic
 Structural and numerical chromosomal
aberrations in humans.
 Menstrual disorders and a decreased size of ovaries.
 Teratogenecity such as low birth weight, delayed bone
formation, and bone marrow damage.
 Leukemia has been observed in humans
occupationally exposed to benzene.
Benzene toxicites

38. 
 Nitrobenzene is an oily yellow liquid with an
almond-like or shoe-polish smell.
 The majority of nitrobenzene is used to manufacture
aniline, which is a chemical used in the manufacture
of polyurethane (building, construction, durability,
insulation property).
 Nitrobenzene is also used to produce lubricating oils
and in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, pesticides,
and synthetic rubber.
Nitrobenzene

39. 
 Acute / Chronic
 Methemoglobinemia:
 conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin in the blood,
which lowers the oxygen released to the tissues of the body.
 it is associated with fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, headache,
dizziness, bluish color skin, and you may have nausea,
vomiting.
 Detected by measuring methemoglobin level.
 Respiratory failure, bluish-gray skin, disturbed vision, coma,
and ultimately death may occur.
Nitrobenzene Toxicities

40. 
 Acute / Chronic
 Reproductive toxicities such as a decrease in fertility,
reduced testicular weights, and decreased sperm
production have been noted in inhalation and oral
animal studies.
 Animal studies indicate that inhalation exposure to
nitrobenzene does not result in developmental
effects, such as birth defects or embryotoxic effects.
Nitrobenzene benzene

41. 
 Immediate removal from the exposure and transport
to medical facilities.
 Oxygen should be administered with assisted
ventilation of necessary.
 Methylene blue given IV at 1-2 mg/kg as 1% solution to
reduce the methemoglobin half-life (NADH: nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide methemoglobin reductase enzyme
convert ferric iron to ferrous state).
 Contaminated clothing should be removed and the
patient washed to remove skin contaminations.
Treatment of nitrobenzene
Toxicites

42. 
 Carbon tetrachloride is a clear, nonflammable liquid
which is almost insoluble in water.
 Carbon tetrachloride is used as a solvent for oils,
fats, rubber waxes, and resins and as a starting
material in the manufacture of organic
compounds.
 Carbon tetrachloride was formerly used as a dry
cleaning agent, and pesticide.
Carbon tetrachloride

43. 
 Occupational studies have reported that exposure to
asbestos via inhalation can cause lung cancer and
Mesothelioma
 Mesothelioma is a asbestos-induced cancer develop in the
mesothelium, a protective lining that covers most of the body's
internal organs.
 No studies were located on the developmental or
reproductive effects of asbestos in animals or humans via
inhalation.
 Birth defects were not noted in the offspring of animals
exposed to asbestos in the diet during pregnancy.
Asbestos toxicites

44. 
Application of barrier creams before commencing the work
has been found useful in protecting individuals from
hazardouschemicals.
 While using the high vapor pressure solvents and
grinding of vegetable drugs (e.g., capsicum and
 podophyllum) safety goggles are to be worn. Because
 these will effects the eyes.
SAFETYASPECTS IN
CHEMICAL HAZARDS

45. 
 We must know the exposure limits and toxicity of
different chemicals.
chemicals Exposure limit
(ppm)
Ethyl alcohol 1000ppm
acetone 1000ppm
Methyline
chloride
125ppm
Isopropyl alcohol 400ppm

46. 
 Tolerance levels for toxic chemicals should be followed as set
by Federal regulations.
 Occupational safety and health administration also include to
Check
 Compiling of process safety information
 Maintaining safe operating procedures
 Training and educating employees
 Conducting incident investigations
 Developing safety compliance audits
 Conducting emergency response plans. (Niosh,2005).

47. 
• These are associated with powers-driven machine, whether
automated or manually operated by steam, hydraulic and/or
electric power introduced new hazards into work place.
• Mechanical hazards are exacerbated by the large number and different
designs of equipment, crowded work place conditions and different
interaction between workers and equipment.
• Hazardous electrical and pneumatic thermal energy must be
released or controlled before working on active equipment.
• High sound levels may be generated by manufacturing equipment
(e.g., ball mill) there by increasing their exposure to noise.
• Injuries like cutting, tearing, shearing, puncturing andcrushing
 15 ay occur with moving Machinery (Barbara et al.,2005).
Mechanical hazards

48. 
 Accidents usually take place by the combination of
unsafe condition & carelessness.
 Most of industrial accidents are due to
 Faulty inspection
 Inability of employee
 Poor discipline
 Lack of concentration
 Unsafe practice
 Mental & physical unfitness for job
 Faulty equipment or improper working condition
 Improper training regarding the safety aspects.
Mechanical hazards

49. 
 Mechanical hazards can be reduced by the applicationof appropriate
safeguards.
 REQUIREMENTS OF SAFEGUARDS
• Prevent contact
• Securable and durable
• Protect against falling objects
• Do not create new hazard
• Do not create interference
• Allow safe mantainance.
 TYPES OF SAFEGUARDS
 Point of operation guards-Fixed guards, interlocked guards and adjustable guards.
Prevention of
mechanical hazards

50. 
Building planning
 Floors must be of unskid/non-slippery type.
 Enough space for employees to work.
 Passages between working places.
 Proper arrangements of temperature control; like fans, A.C., heaters.

51. 
 Protection of head by using hard hats/helmets.
 Protection of ears by using earmufffs and plugs.
 Protection of face by using face marks, face
shields.
Personal protective
devices

52. 
 Safe material handling
 Careless handling of heavy materials and components should be avoided.
 Full use of mechanical material handling equipment.
 All material handling equipments should be
repaired and maintained properly.
 Containers employed to transport liquids should
not be defective or leaking.

53. 
Point of operation devices: photoelectric devices, radiofrequency
devices, pull back devices, restraint devices and safety trip
devices.
 Feeding and ejection systems-automatic feed system, semi
 automatic, automatic and semiautomatic ejection systems.
Robot safeguards.
LOCKOUT/TAGOUT SYSTEMS
 Padlock systems
Tagout systems.
 (Shah Prakashan,2007).

54. 
 SAFETY ASPECTS IN MECHANICAL HAZARDS
 All the operators should be trained in safe operation,
maintainance and emergency procedures to take care when
accidents occur.
 Inspection ,adjustment repair and calibration of safe guards
should be carried out regularly.
 Ear protection devices must be used to prevent the excessive
noise.
 Effort should be made to reduce the noise to a safe level.

55. 
 Electrical hazards occurs when a person come in contact with
the conductor carrying current and simultaneously contacts with the
ground, usually known to be work place hazard.
 SOURCES OF ELECTRCAL HAZARDS
 Short circuts
 Electrostatic hazards
 Arcs and spark hazards
 Combustible and explosive materials
 Improper wiring
 Insulation failure
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

56. 
 Circuit tester
 Receptance wiring tester.
 PREVENTION OF ELECTRCAL HAZARDS
 Grounding of electrical equipments
 Prevention of static electricity
 Bending and grounding
 Humidification
 Antistatic materials
 Ionizers and electrostatic neutralizers
 Radioactive neutralizers and
 Magnetic circuit breaker.
Detection of electrical
hazards

57. 
 Shocks
 Sparking
 Fire
 Wiring faults
 Preventive measures
 Proper maintenance of wiring & equipment
 High voltage equipment should be properly enclosed
 Good house keeping
 Water should not be used for dousing electric fire
 Worker should avoid working in electric circuits
or equipment in wet clothing or shoes.
Electrical hazards

58. 
 SAFETYASPECTS IN ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
 Ensure that power has been disconnected from the system working with it.
 Do not wear conductive material like such as metal jewellary.
 Perodically inspect insullation.
 Verify circuit voltages.
 Use only explosion proof devices and non sparkling switches in flammable
liquid storage areas.
 All electrical parts should confirm ISI specifications.
 Ensure all flexible wires and power cables are properly
 insulated.
 Installation of earth trip devices for all electrical equipments.
 Safe guarding is essential for all electrical equipments. (Niosh,1986).

59. 
 Hazardous drugs that pose a potential health risk to health care
workers who may be exposed during drug manufacturing,
packing and storage.
CRITERIA FOR DEFINING HAZARDOUS DRUGS
 Drugs that meet one or more of the following criteria should
be hazardous.
 Carcinogenicity.
 Teratogenicity.
 Reproductive toxicity.
 Organ toxicity at lower doses.
Pharmaceutical hazards

60. 
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS
DRUGS
 Inhalation of an aerosolized drug.
 Dermal absorption.
 Ingestion.
 Injection.
TYPES OF HAZARDS TOXICITY
 Acute poisoning.
 Chronic poisoning.(Akunuru,1997).

61. 
 SAFETY ASPECTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL HAZARDS
 Personal protective equipment for hazardous drug handling
 Disposable gowns made of fabric that has low permeability
 to the agents in use, with closed fonts and cuffs,intended for single use.
 Powder free gloves, labeled and tested for drugs used with
chemotherapy , made of latex, nitrile or neoprene.
 Face and eye protection when splashing is possible.
 Approved respirator when there is a risk of inhaling drug aerosols. The
labelling of solvents to indicate their properties and health and fire
hazards, is an extremely important method for controlling the hazards.
 Substitution of more harmful material by one which is less danger to
health.

62. 
 To prevent or reduce dangerous expose to toxic
materials.
i. Gas releases should be vented outside buildings and
away work areas and other populated areas.
ii. Exhausts and ventilations should be provided to remove
 emissions.
 Every bulk drug and pharmaceutical unit must prepare
its disaster management plan.

63. 
 Standard operating procedures
 Handling of hazardous materials
 Water supply and drainage
 Floors and floor coverings
 Emergency exits
 Back up plan if anything goes wrong
 Specially trained personnel
 Health polices and insurance
 Written procedures
 Safety audits
 Risk analysis
 Appropriate training and education to employee
 Regular monitoring of workplace
 Written documentation of policies
Safety aspects in pharma
industry

64. 
 Source of dust hazards in pharmaceutical industries
 Grinding or milling of drugs, excipients, or herbal products.
 During weighing dusts may float on air.
 During powder mixing dusts may be generated.
 During coating operation dusts are generated.
 During caspue filling and tablet punching operation dusts may be generated
 Methods of controlling dust
 Filteration
 Inertial separator
 Electrostatic separator
Fire and dust hazards

65. 
 Types of fire hazards:
 Class A Fires: These are fires in ordinary combustible materials
such as wood, cloth, paper etc. those produce glowing ember.
 Class B Fires: These are fires of flammable petroleum
products, liquids, gases and greases etc.
 Class C Fires: These fires involve energized electrical
equipment.
 Class D Fires: These are fires in combustible metals.

66. 
 Industrial dermatitis is skin disease that is caused by
conditions at work. It may be the result of irritation or allergy.
Usually it starts with redness and itchiness. Sometimes there
may be swelling, scaling, cracking, blistering and oozing.
Any part of the body may be affected but usually it is in the
exposed parts of the hands and arms.
INDUSTRIAL
DERMATITIS

67. 
 Work clothes should be changed daily
 For chemicals, which dry the skin such as, solvents,
moisturizers should be applied daily
 If skin problem arises, the worker should report to
your supervisor and consult your doctor.
 Personal protective equipments e.g.: gloves,
impervious
 sleeves and boots should be wore to minimise contact
with chemicals
Prevention of industrial
dermatitis at work:

68. 
 Proper treatment & disposal
methods for effluents should be adopted
 An awareness program
 Measures for increase efficiency of the water use
Recommendations and
suggestions

69. 
 Danger signs
 The DANGER header is used when there is a hazardous
situation which has a high probability of death or severe
injury. It should not be considered for property damage
unless personal injury risk is present.
Classification of signs
according to use

70. 
 Caution signs
 The CAUTION header is used to indicate a hazardous
situation which may result in minor or moderate injury.
However, Caution should not be used when there is a
possibility of death or serious injury.

71. 
 Safety instruction signs
 General safety signs (safety first, be careful, think)
should indicate general instructions relative to safe
work practices, reminder of proper safety procedures
and location of safety equipments.

72. 
 The biological hazard warning shall be used to signify the
actual or potential presence of a biohazard and to identify
equipment, containers, rooms, materials, experimental
animals, or combinations thereof, which contain, or are
contaminated with, viable hazardous agents.
Biological hazard signs

73. 
 Pictograph means a pictorial representation used to
identify a hazardous condition or to convey a safety
instruction
Picotgraph

74. 
 https://www.who.int/fctc/reporting/Pakistan_annex2_environmental_pr
otection_act1997.pdf
 Subramanyam C.V.S. Thaimma J. Setty Pharmaceutical production management,
first Edition 2004 vallabh prakashan New Delhi 393-412.
 Subramanyam C.V.S. Thaimma J. Setty, Devi V
.K Pharmaceutical Engineering
Principle and Practice, first Edition 2003, M.K. Jain for vallabh prakashan New
Delhi 483,2
 Samba Murthy K Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Age International publishers
449.
 Chemical hazards and safety management in pharmaceutical industry
O. G. Bhusnure1*, R. B. Dongare1, S. B. Gholve1, P. S. Giram2
References