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Genetic Fingerprint
Dr. Nani Maryani
Bogor, 27 April 2020
Sequences (Markers) examined in DNA
fingerprinting
• VNTRs-variable number tandem repeats (mikrosatelite); composed of 8-80
bp repeat units (e.g., [GCGCAATG]n) which are tandemly repeated so that the
overall length is 1-30 kb
• STRs-short tandem repeats; composed of 2-7 bp repeat units (e.g., [AC]n)
which are tandemly repeated so that the overall length is less than 1 kb
• RFLPs- restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
Which DNA-section can we analyze?
Which DNA-section can we analyze?
The genetic fingerprint
How to amplify your D1S80-locus ?
1. Sample of Oral Mucosa (kumur-kumur dg 8 ml akuades).
The water contains cells from oral mucosa, enzyme.and whatever
you have in your mouth. We want to get hold of the cells
2. Add 2 ml of this solution into eppi (tube) with pipette and put it into
centrifuge for 2 minutes at 3200rpm.
During centrifugation, the cell move outwards due to their weight.
After this process u can see a small white spot at the bottom of
your eppi, called pellet. These are your cell.
3. Pour away supernatant. To guarantee that
u have enough cell material,
repeat the step 2 at least two times.
What the functionally of centrifuge?
Step 1: Sampling from oral mucosa
Step 2: Lysis of the cells
• Add 500 uL Lysis buffer L to the pellet with pipette. Snip
your finger against eppi until the pellet has disappeared.
One ingredients of the lysis buffer is a detergent,
which dissolves the cells.
How does the lysis buffer work?
Step 3: Precipitation of
Protein
• Add 100uL precipitation buffer F, shake the eppi well and
put in on ice for 5 minutes.
The precipitation buffer contains salt (potassium acetate)
with which proteins are precipitated.
• After that, centrifuge the eppi for 15 min at 20000rpm to
palletize the precipitated proteins
Step 4: Precipitation of DNA
• Ambil 400uL supernatan ke eppi baru. Add 360uL
isopropanol. Taruh kembali eppi ke dalam es selama
beberapa menit.
• Shake well and centrifuge again (20000rpm, 15 min)
Centrifugation causes pelleting
of DNA at the bottom of the eppi.
Step 5: Washing the DNA
• Carefully pour away the supernatant and add 500uL
70% cold ethanol and put back in the centrifuge
(20000rpm, 5 min)
After pouring away again, u can see a small white pellet
at the bottom of the tube.
The pellet is then dried at 60oC in heating block (leave
the eppi open)
Step 6: Solution of DNA in Water
• Dissolve the pellet in 30uL UV-water.
UV-water has been irradiated with ultraviolet light. Any DNA that
may have been in the water has been destroyed.
New eppi only contains
your DNA,
solved in UV-water ☺
the PCR
Paternity test
Paternity test
References
Godbey WT. 2014. An Introduction to Biotechnology: The science, technology and
medical applications. Elsivier, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Lawrence Kobilinsky, Louis Levine, Henrietta Margolis-Nunno. 2007. Forensic DNA
Analysis. Infobase Publishing
Science Bridge Module. 2010. Bridging University to High School: In real Modern
Biology. Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) in Collaboration with University of
Kassel Germany.

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13. Genetic Fingerprint.ppsx

  • 1. Genetic Fingerprint Dr. Nani Maryani Bogor, 27 April 2020
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Sequences (Markers) examined in DNA fingerprinting • VNTRs-variable number tandem repeats (mikrosatelite); composed of 8-80 bp repeat units (e.g., [GCGCAATG]n) which are tandemly repeated so that the overall length is 1-30 kb • STRs-short tandem repeats; composed of 2-7 bp repeat units (e.g., [AC]n) which are tandemly repeated so that the overall length is less than 1 kb • RFLPs- restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
  • 6.
  • 7. Which DNA-section can we analyze?
  • 8. Which DNA-section can we analyze?
  • 9.
  • 10. The genetic fingerprint How to amplify your D1S80-locus ?
  • 11. 1. Sample of Oral Mucosa (kumur-kumur dg 8 ml akuades). The water contains cells from oral mucosa, enzyme.and whatever you have in your mouth. We want to get hold of the cells 2. Add 2 ml of this solution into eppi (tube) with pipette and put it into centrifuge for 2 minutes at 3200rpm. During centrifugation, the cell move outwards due to their weight. After this process u can see a small white spot at the bottom of your eppi, called pellet. These are your cell. 3. Pour away supernatant. To guarantee that u have enough cell material, repeat the step 2 at least two times. What the functionally of centrifuge? Step 1: Sampling from oral mucosa
  • 12. Step 2: Lysis of the cells • Add 500 uL Lysis buffer L to the pellet with pipette. Snip your finger against eppi until the pellet has disappeared. One ingredients of the lysis buffer is a detergent, which dissolves the cells. How does the lysis buffer work?
  • 13. Step 3: Precipitation of Protein • Add 100uL precipitation buffer F, shake the eppi well and put in on ice for 5 minutes. The precipitation buffer contains salt (potassium acetate) with which proteins are precipitated. • After that, centrifuge the eppi for 15 min at 20000rpm to palletize the precipitated proteins
  • 14. Step 4: Precipitation of DNA • Ambil 400uL supernatan ke eppi baru. Add 360uL isopropanol. Taruh kembali eppi ke dalam es selama beberapa menit. • Shake well and centrifuge again (20000rpm, 15 min) Centrifugation causes pelleting of DNA at the bottom of the eppi.
  • 15. Step 5: Washing the DNA • Carefully pour away the supernatant and add 500uL 70% cold ethanol and put back in the centrifuge (20000rpm, 5 min) After pouring away again, u can see a small white pellet at the bottom of the tube. The pellet is then dried at 60oC in heating block (leave the eppi open)
  • 16. Step 6: Solution of DNA in Water • Dissolve the pellet in 30uL UV-water. UV-water has been irradiated with ultraviolet light. Any DNA that may have been in the water has been destroyed. New eppi only contains your DNA, solved in UV-water ☺
  • 17.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 23. References Godbey WT. 2014. An Introduction to Biotechnology: The science, technology and medical applications. Elsivier, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana. Lawrence Kobilinsky, Louis Levine, Henrietta Margolis-Nunno. 2007. Forensic DNA Analysis. Infobase Publishing Science Bridge Module. 2010. Bridging University to High School: In real Modern Biology. Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) in Collaboration with University of Kassel Germany.

Editor's Notes

  1. # # Asslamualaikum wr wb. Alhamdulillah wasolatu wasslamu ala rosulillah ala alihi wa sohbihi ajmain. Robbi srohlisodri wayassirli amri wahlul uqdatammillisani yafqahu qauli. # Marilah kita lanjutkan kembali kuliah bioteknologi. Minggu ini kita akan membahas topik Gentic Fingerprint. Istilah genetic fingerprint mungkin sangat familiar kita dengar, Apa yang dimaksud dengan genetic fingerprint bagaimana sebenarnya teknik Gentic Fingerprint ini? Itu yang akan kita bahas dalam kuliah kali ini. Materi kuliah yang saya gunakan adalah modul praktikum yang digunakan untuk siswa SMA. Melalui program Science Bridge Bridging University to High School: In real Modern Biology. Kolaborasi antara IPB, Untirta dan beberapa universitas di Indonesia dengan University of Kassel Germany. Dan beberapa buku text yang bs kalian temukan pada akhir slide. # Genetic atau DNA Fingerprint adalah bioteknologi yang digunakan untuk mengetahui identitas seseorang. Teknologi ini banyak digunakan oleh bagian forensic kepolisian sebagai bukti pendukung untuk membantu penyidik dan pengadilan, apakah tersangka bersalah atau tidak. #DNA fingerprint juga digunakan untuk test paternity, paternitas secara bahasa artinya garis ayah. singkatnya paternity test ini digunakan untuk mengetahui siapa orang tua orang yang ingin tes. Misalnya jika ada bayi yang tertukar, kasus penentuan harta warisan terhadap turunan yang sah, seseorang mengklaim ayah atau orang tua dari si anak dll. Ini seperti sinetron atau drama heee Banyak scenario lah ya.
  2. # Dimana kita bisa menemukan DNA pada manusia? Ini jawaban yang harusnya bisa dijawab dengan mudah oleh mahasiswa semester 6, yaitu disemua sel tubuhnya. Juga pada mamalia lain, sapi, babi, semua sel mamalia mengandung informasi genetik. # Dalm tubuh kita ada sekitar 10 pangkat 14 sel. Misalnya pada sel-sel saraf, sel-sel otot, atau sel-sel oral mukosa dalam mulut kita. # Sekarang bayangkan kalian adalah detektif atau polisi yang menemukan bercak darah berceceran ditempat kejadian perkara sebuah tidak kejahatan, wahhh yang sering nonton Crime Investigation atau NCIS udah tahu banget pasti bs dibayangnkan seperti apa crime scene nya ini. Kalian sebagai detektif perlu mengambil sampel darah sebagai sumber DNA untuk forensic di Lab. Sumber DNA dari sel-sel lain juga dapat diambil seperti cairan sperma, tulang, kulit, cairan saliva ludah, urine, feses maupun sel-sel pada folikel rambut. Sampel ini kemudian di bawa ke laboratorium lalu diisolasi DNAnya untuk dilakukan analalisis lanjut. Nti kita akan kita bahas. # Meskipun berasal dari sel-sel berbeda. Semua informasi didalam sel-sel tersebut adalah sama dalam satu individu. Namun apakah semua informasi dalam sel itu berguna ? Jawabannya adalah TIDAK.
  3. # Tentunya kita sudah belajar apa yang dimaksud dengan gen? # Pada E coli, genome E coli sekitar 4,6 juta pasang basa, memiliki gen sekitar 4500 # Pada manusia genome kita sekita 3 milyar pasang basa, dengan estimasi 25 000 gen # Pada organisme triploid, disini gandum contohnta triticum aestivum genomenya sebesar 17 milyar pasang basa, dengan jumlah gen diperkirakan 50 000.
  4. # Nah ini ada kalkulasi menarik, sebuah perbandingan yang dapat menggambarkan seberapa banyak informasi yang kita miliki di genome dalam sel-sel kita. # Jika kita memiliki 3 milyar pasang basa, bayangkanbasa-basa dalam DNA kita ini adalah huruf2 yang akan kita tulis dalam buku. Ada berapa bayak buku yang bs ditulis? Jika Satu halaman berisi, 4800 huruf, berarti 4800 pasang basa. Jumlah pasang basa yang ada dalam genome kita 3 milyar, berarti 3 milyar dibagi 4800 sama dengan 625 000. artinya ada 6500 halaman. Jika buku yang ingin kita buat masing2 terdiri dari 300 halaman, berarti 62500 dibagi 300 sama dengan 2084 buku. Dalam satu Rak buku dapat diisi 25 buku, sehingga 2084/25= 84 rak buku. Sebanyak itu lah informasi dalam DNA kita jika kita tulis dalam buku, ada 84 rak buku yang masing2 berisi 25 buku informasi genetik kita. Subhanallah ya…. Amazing huh..
  5. # Ok, sekarang kita sudah py gambaran betapa banyaknya informasi yang dalam DNA kita. Pertanyaan selanjutnya, Bagaimana kita mempelajari informasi tsb. Bagaimana kita bs membaca dan memahami buku2 tsb? Kita telah tahu bahwa ada sekitar 25 500 gen, GEN ini adalah region atau bagain dalam DNA yang dapat kita pelajarai dengan baik, karena gen ini adalah penyandi asam amino penyandi sifat. Region yang menyandikan gen dalam DNA hanya sekitar 1,5% dari total genome kita. Bagaimana dengan sisanya? 98,5% lainnya, yang jumlahnya sebagian besar komposisi DNA kita. Region ini belum banyak dipahami fungsinya, biasanya disebut “Junk DNA” sebetulnya istilah junk DNA ini menurut sy kurang cocok, kesannya gak berguna. Padahal kita saja yang belum tahu fungsinya, manusia belum mampu menguak misteri pada bagian ini . Untuk mempelajari DNA kita butuh penanda atau marker. Gen2 td itu adalh marker, selain gen ada region yang memiliki ciri2 tertentu itu juga digunakan sebagai marker. Bayangkan sebuah peta buta, untuk memahaminya kta butuh penanda kan, misalnya jembatan, jalan raya, hotel, atau gedung2. begitu jg dg DNA. Markers yang bukan Gen ini yang digunakan untuk analisis DNA fingerprint. Diantara marker2 yang dapat dipakai u DNA fingerprint adalah, VNTR-variable tandem number tandem repeat. VNTR merupakan region DNA yang terdiri dari 8-80 repeat atau pengulangan misalnya GCGCAATG berulang 20 kali, pengulangan ini biasanya terjadi dari 1-30kb. Marker lain nya, STR- shorts tandem repeat, bisanya pengulangannya lebih pendek 2-7 bs sepanjang 1 kb. Yang terakhir RFLP-restriction fragment lenghth polymorphism. RFLP dibuat dengan cara memotong2 genome DNA dg enzim restriksi sehingga dihasilkan fragmen dna dengan panjang yang berbeda-beda, kemudian di running pada gel elektrphosesis. Contohnya ada pada gambar, Gambar A adalah RFLP pattern hasil analisis sampel darah dari tempat kejadian. Ada 2 suspect atau tersangka, sampel dr tempat kejadian dan Officer Smedley. Gambar B. jika kita hilangkan pita-pita yang common atau sama yang ada pada sampel, korban dan tersangka. Kita akan melihat bahwa pada suspect 1 ada satu pita yang tidak ditemukan pada crime scene, sedangkan pada suspect 2 ada pita yang hilang atau tidak muncul pada crime scene. Sedangkan officel Smedley memenuhi semua kriteria. Apakah Officer Smedley pembunuhnya, yang kemungkinan sangat diragukan, atau cara pengambilan sample yang ia lakukan tidak benar? Dalam kasus ini Kedua tersangka dinyatakan tidak bersalah dan dibebaskan.
  6. # Paternity test memungkinkan kita menganalisis possibility beberapa orang yang mengaku sebagai ayah dari seorang anak. # VNTR sampel orang-orang tersebut kemudian dibadaningkan dengan VNTR si anak. # The biological father atau ayah yang sebenarnya pasti memiliki joint allel atau alel-alel yang sama dengan si anak.
  7. # Pada paternity test marker yang digunakan umumnya VNTR atau microsatelite. D1S80-locus pada chromosome nomor satu digunakan sebagai marker. Marker ini terdiri dari 16 bp-DNA sekuense yang berulang beberapa kali. Jumlah pengulangan bisa bervariasi dalam tiap individu Sehingga alel pada lokus tersbut berbeda-beda panjangnya. # Misalnya pada gambar terdapat 2 alel berbeda, berbeda alel 1 lebih pendek dibanding alternative alel 2 yang lebih panjang 1 kali pengulangan.
  8. # Perhatikan gambar berikut mikrosatelit lokus D1S80 milik Anna dan Otto # Anna memiliki satu jenis alel karena alel yang berasal dari ayah dan ibunya sama. Sedangkan oto punya 2 macam alel
  9. # ada berapa genotype yang ada pada lokus D1S80? Sampai saat ini ada 28 alel berbeda. 16 bp sekuesne diulang antara14 sampai 41 kali. Jumlah genotype yang mungkin ada 406, lihat rumus bagaimna mengkalkulasinya.
  10. # Sekarang bagimana kita mengamplifikasi lokus D1S80?
  11. # Step pertama yang dilakukan adalah mengisolasi DNA. Sampel DNA dapat diambil dari sel-sel oral mukosa. Untuk praktikum sederhana, cara yang dilakukan adalah dengan berkumur2 selama 5 menit kemudian air kumur tsb digunakan sebagai sumber sampel. # ambil 2mL cairan air kumur lalu sentrifuge dengan kecepatan tinggi. Pellet yang dihasilkan didasar tube adalah sel-sel mukosa.
  12. # Langkah selanjutnya, larutkan pellet sel dengan lusu buffer, snip dengan jari atau menggunakan pipet agar pellet tersuspensi dengan baik dengan buffer. Tandanya adalah endapan pellet sudah menghilang dari tube.
  13. # Tambahkan buffer presipitasi, shake sebntar lalu taruh dalam es 5 menit. Setelah itu sentruifuge dengan kecepatan super tinggi 20000 rpm selama 15 menit. Pellet yang mengendap didasar tube adalah protein yang menggumpal. Dimana DNA? DNA ada lapisan supernatant, pada fase ini penting sekali untuk memipet supernatant dengan baik sehingga pellet tidak ikut terpipet.
  14. # Step selanjutnya adalah presipitasi DNA. Pipet 400uL supernatant pindahkan ke tube bary lalu tambahkan isopropanol dingin. Shake well dan sentrifuge dengan kecepatan sama selama 15 menit. Pellet DNA akan terlihat seperti titik dibagian bawah tabung
  15. # Pencuncian DNA dapat menggunakan etanol dingin 70% dicuci dua kali, lalu pellet DNA dikeraingkan pada heating lock.
  16. # DNA ini kemudian dapat di larutkan dalam TE buffer atau DNAse free water atau UV water. Sebagai stock DNA.
  17. # DNA stick kita adalah Template DNA yang akan digunakan untuk amplifikasi Lokus D1S80.
  18. # Perbanyakan DNA menggunakan PCR, mix PCR solution dengan komposisi template DNA yang diisolasi dari oral mukosa, sepasang primer Lokus D1S80, nukleotida dan taq polymerase .
  19. # Setelah selesai, amplicon atau PCR produk di running di agar gel electrophoresis.
  20. # Beginilah hasilnya. Kolom paling kanan M, adalah marker DNA 3000 1000 500 dan 200 bp. Kolom 1 sampai 16 adalah 16 sampel berebda dari orang yang di tes pada praktikum.
  21. # Contoh paternity test misalnya, ada dua orang yang mengaku menjadi ayar dari anak Mary, yaitu Bob dan Larry dengan profil VNTR spt pada gambar. Siapakah ayah biologis anak Mary?
  22. # Dari hasil tes pada gambar, dan penjelasan sebelumnya, siapakah ayah dari anak Mary? Amati pita2 VNTR yang ada pada gambar, pattern VNTR anak seharusnya memiliki kombinasi ayah dan ibunya.
  23. # Demikian kuliah kali ini. Silahkan manfaatkan waktu yang ada pada kuliah online untuk bertanya dan berdiskusi. Semoga bermanfaat wasslamualaikum wr.wb.