Applications of various steels and in different sectors are described.

1. APPLICATIONS OF
STEEL
V Sai Gayathri
18103091
Asp-5B

2. APPLICATIONS OFVARIOUS STEELS
Steel is both the most widely used and most recycled metal material
on Earth. From stainless and high-temperature steels to flat carbon
products, steel in its various forms and alloys offer
different properties to meet a wide range of applications.
Most often, steel consumers needs are met by carbon steels.
Good examples are sheets for deep-drawn automobile bodies and
appliances made of low-carbon steels, medium-carbon structural steels
and plates employed in all kinds of construction, high-carbon railroad
rails, and wires at all carbon levels
High-strength low-alloy steels
The demand for high strength, good weldability, and higher
resistance to atmospheric corrosion is met by a group called the high-
strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels.
HSLA steels are used for oil or gas pipelines, ships, offshore
structures, and storage tanks.

3. Free-machining steels
 Developed for good machinability and fabricated into bolts,
screws, and nuts.
Contains up to 0.35 percent sulfur and 0.35 percent lead;
These elements form many inclusions, which are normally avoided
but are desired in this application .
This keeps tools and work pieces clean, improves tool life, and
permits machining at higher speeds.
Tool steels
Tool steels are produced in small quantities, contain expensive
alloys, and are often sold only by the kilogram
They are very hard, wear-resistant, tough, inert to local
overheating,
They also have to be dimensionally stable during hardening and
tempering.
They contain strong carbide formers such as tungsten,
molybdenum, vanadium, and chromium in different combinations
and often cobalt or nickel to improve high-temperature performance.

4. Bearing steels
One important group that well demonstrates the enormous impact
of material developments on engineering possibilities is the steels
used for roller and ball bearings.
These steels often contain 1 percent carbon, 1.2 percent chromium,
0.25 percent nickel, and 0.25 percent molybdenum
 Inclusions are very harmful in bearings because they create stress
concentrations that result in low fatigue strength.
Electrical steels
An important group of steels, necessary for the generation and
transmission of electrical power, is the high-silicon electrical steels.
A further improvement is achieved by adding up to 4.5
percent silicon, which imparts high electrical resistance. For electric
transformers, grain-oriented sheets are often used; these contain
about 3.5 percent silicon

5. Stainless steel
This group receives its stainless characteristics from an invisible, self-
healing chromium oxide film that forms when chromium is added at
concentrations greater than 10.5 percent.
Three major groups, the austenitic, the ferritic, and the martensitic.
The best corrosion resistance is obtained in austenitic stainless steels.
Ferritic and martensitic groups both are used for knives and tools.
Ferritic stainless steels contain only up to 0.12 percent carbon.
Both types have 11.5 to 29 percent chromium as their
main alloy addition and practically no nickel.
Their corrosion resistance is modest, and they are ferromagnetic.
Wear-resistant steels
made into wear plates for rock-processing machinery, crushers, and
power shovels.
These are austenitic steels that contain about 1.2 percent carbon and
12 percent manganese.
Wear resistance is brought about by the high work-hardening
capabilities of these steels

6. APPLICATIONS OF STEEL PRODUCTS IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES
Steel applications can be divided into seven primary market sectors.
The figures are the percentages of steel production dedicated to them,
according to the World Steel Association (WSA):
Buildings and Infrastructure 51%
•More than half of the steel produced annually is used to construct
buildings and infrastructure such as bridges. According to the WSA,
most of the steel used in this sector is found in reinforcing bars (44%);
sheet products, including those used in roofs, internal walls, and
ceilings (31%); and structural sections (25%).
•In addition to those structural applications, steel is also used in
buildings for HVAC systems and in items such as stairs, rails, and
shelving.
Mechanical Equipment 15%
•This second-greatest use of steel includes (among many other things)
bulldozers, tractors, machinery that makes car parts, cranes, and hand
tools such as hammers and shovels. It also includes the rolling mills that
are used to shape steel into various shapes and thicknesses.

7. Automotive 12%
•On average, almost 2,000 pounds, or 900 kilograms, of steel is used
to make a car according to the WSA. About a third of that is used in the
body structure and exterior, including the doors. Another 23% is in the
drive train, and 12% is in the suspension.
•Advanced high-strength steels, which are made using complex
processes and are lighter in weight than traditional steels, account for
about 60%of a modern car's body structures.
Metal Products 11%
•This market sector includes various consumer products such as
furniture, packaging for food and drinks, and razors.
Electrical Equipment 3%
•This market sector involves applications in the production and
distribution of electricity.
•That means transformers, which have a magnetic steel core;
generators; electric motors; pylons; and steel-reinforced cables.

8. OtherTransport 5%
•Steel is used in ships, trains and train cars, and parts of planes. Hulls of
large ships are almost all made of steel, and steel ships carry 90% of
global cargo almost all of the world's approximately 17 million shipping
containers are made of steel.
•Besides the cars, steel shows up in trains in the wheels, axels,
bearings, and motors.
•Approximately 60% of steel use
in this area is as rebar, a ridged
steel bar placed inside reinforced
concrete.
•In airplanes, steel is crucial
for engines and landing gear.

9. Domestic Appliances 3%
•Clothes washers and dryers,
ranges, microwave ovens,
dishwashers, and refrigerators all
contain steel in varying amounts,
including the motors, when
applicable.
•According to the
American Iron and Steel
Association, a front-loading
washer generally contains
84.2 pounds of steel, while a
top-bottom refrigerator-freezer
contains 79 pounds.
•Half of the
steel used for utility infrastructure
is in the form of underground pipes
for water or natural gas.

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