Cardiovascular diseases

1. Cardiovascular
diseases
UNITED
MUSLIM FUND

2. Cardiovascular
diseases
• Worldwide, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for the majority of deaths.
• CVDs accounted for an estimated 17.9 million deaths in 2019, or 32% of all deaths worldwide.
Heart attack and stroke were the cause of 85% of these deaths.
• In low- and middle-income nations, CVD deaths account for more than three quarters of all
deaths.
• 38% of the 17 million noncommunicable diseases that resulted in premature deaths among
people under the age of 70 in 2019 were caused by CVDs.
• By addressing behavioral risk factors like smoking, an unhealthy diet, obesity, inactivity, and
harmful alcohol use, the majority of cardiovascular diseases can be avoided.
• It is essential to detect cardiovascular disease as soon as possible for counseling and
medication management to begin.

3. What are typical signs and symptoms
of heart disease?

4. • A group of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels are
known as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). They consist of:
• heart disease, which affects the blood vessels that supply the
heart muscle;
• a condition that affects the blood vessels that supply the brain;
• a condition that affects the blood vessels that supply the legs and
arms;
• streptococcal bacteria-caused rheumatic fever damages the heart
muscle and heart valves in rheumatic heart disease;
• congenital heart disease is a condition in which abnormalities in
the structure of the heart at birth result in birth defects that affect
the normal development and function of the heart. and pulmonary
embolism and deep vein thrombosis, which are blood clots in the
leg veins that have the potential to dislodge and travel to the heart
and lungs.
• The majority of the time, a blockage that prevents blood from
flowing to the heart or brain is to blame for heart attacks and
strokes, which are typically sudden events. A buildup of fatty
deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels that supply the
heart or brain is the most common cause of this. A stroke can be

5. What are the risk factors for
cardiovascular disease?
• A group of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels are known as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
They consist of:
• heart disease, which affects the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle;
• a condition that affects the blood vessels that supply the brain;
• a condition that affects the blood vessels that supply the legs and arms;
• streptococcal bacteria-caused rheumatic fever damages the heart muscle and heart valves in rheumatic heart
disease;
• congenital heart disease is a condition in which abnormalities in the structure of the heart at birth result in birth
defects that affect the normal development and function of the heart. and pulmonary embolism and deep vein
thrombosis, which are blood clots in the leg veins that have the potential to dislodge and travel to the heart
and lungs.
• The majority of the time, a blockage that prevents blood from flowing to the heart or brain is to blame for heart
attacks and strokes, which are typically sudden events. A buildup of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the
blood vessels that supply the heart or brain is the most common cause of this. A stroke can be brought on by
bleeding from a brain blood vessel or by blood clots.

6. Genetics, age, sex, smoking, inactivity, diet, alcohol, celiac disease, sleep,
socioeconomic disadvantage, air pollution, cardiovascular risk assessment,
depression, and traumatic stress from work, somatic mutations, and radiation therapy
are all risk factors.

7. Symptoms
:-
pain or
discomfort in the
centre of the
chest; and/or
arm pain, shoulder
pain, elbow pain, jaw
pain, or back pain.

8. It has been demonstrated that avoiding harmful alcohol use, reducing salt intake,
increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, regular physical activity, and cessation
of tobacco use reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. It is essential for
motivating individuals to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors that health policies
create environments that are conducive to making healthy choices affordable and
available.
CVDs are also influenced by a number of underlying factors. Globalization,
urbanization, and the aging of the population are the primary drivers of social,
economic, and cultural change. Poverty, stress, and genetics are additional CVD risk
factors.
People with hypertension, diabetes, and high blood lipids need medication to lower
their risk of cardiovascular disease and prevent heart attacks and strokes.

9. Heart attacks and strokes usually don't show any symptoms because the disease in the blood vessels is
underlying. A stroke or heart attack may be the first sign of a more serious condition. The following are signs
of a heart attack:
discomfort or pain in the middle of the chest; as well as discomfort or pain in the arms, left shoulder, elbows,
jaw, or back.
Additionally, the individual may experience shortness of breath or difficulty breathing; vomiting or nausea;
faintness or lightheadedness; a violent sweat; and becoming pale Women are more likely than men to
experience back or jaw pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and vomiting.
Sudden weakness of the face, arm, or leg, typically on one side of the body, is the most common symptom of
a stroke. The sudden onset of other symptoms includes:
face, arm, or leg numbness, especially on one side of the body;
confusion, trouble understanding or speaking;
having trouble seeing with either one of your eyes;
difficulty walking, drowsiness, and/or a loss of coordination or balance;
severe, undiagnosed headache; and/or falling unconscious or fainting.
Individuals who exhibit these symptoms ought to seek medical attention right away.

12. What is rheumatic heart
disease?
Damage to the heart muscle and valves from rheumatic fever's inflammation and scarring is what
leads to rheumatic heart disease. The body's abnormal response to streptococcal infection,
which typically manifests as a sore throat or tonsillitis in children, is what causes rheumatic fever.
Children are the most common victims of rheumatism in developing nations, particularly those
with high rates of poverty. Rheumatic heart disease is linked to about 2% of cardiovascular
disease deaths worldwide.
The following are some of the symptoms of rheumatic heart disease: fatigue, shortness of breath,
chest pain, and fainting are all symptoms.
The following are rheumatic fever symptoms: nausea, stomach cramps, vomiting, joint pain and
swelling, and fever.

13. Why are cardiovascular diseases a problem for
development in countries with low and middle
incomes?
Low- and middle-income nations account for at least three-quarters of all CVD deaths worldwide.
Primary health care programs for early detection and treatment of people with CVD risk factors are
typically unavailable to residents of low- and middle-income nations. People with cardiovascular
diseases (CVDs) and other noncommunicable diseases who live in low- or middle-income countries
have less access to appropriate, efficient, and equitable health care services. Because of this, many
people in these nations don't know they have a disease until it's too late, and cardiovascular diseases
and other noncommunicable diseases cause people to die earlier, often during their most productive
years.
In low- and middle-income nations, the most affected individuals are the poorest. Evidence suggests,
at the household level, that catastrophic health care costs and high out-of-pocket expenses caused by
cardiovascular diseases and other noncommunicable diseases contribute to poverty. CVDs have a
significant impact on the economies of low- and middle-income nations on a macroeconomic scale.

14. How can cardiovascular disease
burdens be reduced?

15. Although a significant number of nations' health systems require significant investment
and reorientation in order to effectively manage cardiovascular disease (CVD), the
inclusion of cardiovascular disease management interventions in universal health
coverage packages holds the key to reducing cardiovascular disease.
There is evidence from 18 countries that primary care hypertension programs can be
implemented effectively and economically, resulting in a reduction in coronary heart
disease and stroke. Technology and medication should be available to patients with
cardiovascular disease.

16. Preven
tion
If established risk factors are avoided, up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be avoided. Current
methods for preventing cardiovascular disease include:
Maintaining a healthy diet, such as the Mediterranean diet, a vegetarian, vegan, or other plant-based
diet[92,93,94,95] and substituting healthier options for saturated fat: Polyunsaturated vegetable oil
has been shown in clinical trials to reduce CVD by 30%. Reduce body fat if overweight or obese. The
effect of weight loss is often difficult to distinguish from dietary change, and evidence on weight
reducing diets is limited. In observational studies of people with severe obesity, weight loss following
bariatric surgery is associated with a 46% reduction in cardiovascular risk. Decrease body fat if
overweight or obese. Decrease body fat if overweight or obese. Decrease body fat if overweight or
obese.

17. • Reduce non-HDL cholesterol. [104] Statin therapy reduces cardiovascular mortality by
approximately 31%. [105] Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke.
• Quitting smoking reduces risk by approximately 35%. [107] At least 150 minutes of
moderate exercise per week.
• Lower blood pressure if it is high. Reduce psychosocial stress.
• This measure may be complicated by imprecise definitions of what constitutes
psychosocial interventions.
• Mental stress–induced myocardial ischemia is associated with an increased risk of
heart problems in those with previous heart disease.[116] Severe emotional and
physical stress leads to a form of heart dysfunction known as Takotsubo syndrome in
some people.
• Stress, on the other hand, plays a relatively minor role in hypertension.[118] Specific
relaxation therapies Adults require 7–9 hours of sleep per night. Additionally, sleep
apnea poses a significant risk because it causes the body to experience stress, which
can increase the risk of heart disease.

18. Di
et
A 2021 review found that plant-based diets can provide a risk reduction for cardiovascular
disease (CVD) if a healthy plant-based diet is consumed. A diet high in fruits and vegetables
reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and death.[126] A 2018 meta-analysis of
observational studies came to the conclusion that "In most countries, a vegan diet is
associated with a more favourable cardio-metabolic profile compared to an omnivorous diet."
[93] A similar meta-analysis and systematic review also looked into dietary patterns and found
"that diets lower in animal foods and unhealthy plant foods, and higher in healthy plant foods
are beneficial for CVD prevention." There is also evidence that a Mediterranean diet may be
more effective than a low-fat diet in bringing about long-term changes to cardiovascular risk
factors (e.g., lower cholesterol level and blood pressure)." [95] Evidence suggests that the
Mediterranean diet may improve cardiovascular outcomes. [127]

19. There is a long-standing consensus that replacing
saturated fat with unsaturated fat in the diet is
sound medical advice, even though the role of
dietary fat in cardiovascular disease is
complicated and contentious. Total fat intake has
not been found to be associated with
cardiovascular risk. A 2015 meta-analysis of
observational studies did not find a convincing
association between saturated fat intake and
cardiovascular disease.[138] A 2020 systematic
review found moderate quality evidence that
reducing saturated fat intake for at least two years
caused a reduction in cardiovascular events.
Some of the differences in results may be due to
the variety of saturated fat substitutes.

20. Medication
Blood pressure medication reduces cardiovascular
disease in people at risk,[110] irrespective of age, the
baseline level of cardiovascular risk, or baseline
blood pressure. The commonly-used drug regimens
have similar efficacy in reducing the risk of all major
cardiovascular events, although there may be
differences between drugs in their ability to prevent
specific outcomes. Larger reductions in blood
pressure produce larger reductions in risk, and most
people with high blood pressure require more than
one drug to achieve adequate reduction in blood
pressure. Adherence to medications is often poor,
and while mobile phone text messaging has been
tried to improve adherence, there is insufficient
evidence that it alters secondary prevention of

21. Although the evidence is inconclusive, anti-diabetic
medication may reduce cardiovascular risk in Type 2
diabetics. A 2009 meta-analysis with 27,049 participants
and 2,370 major vascular events found that intensive
glucose lowering reduced the relative risk of cardiovascular
disease by 15% over an average of 4.4 years, but it increased
the risk of major hypoglycemia.
Due to the fact that the risk of serious bleeding is almost as
high as the protection against cardiovascular issues, aspirin
has only been found to be of limited benefit to those with a
low risk of heart disease. It is not advised for those at very
low risk, including those over 70. Women and men younger
than 45 years old should not take aspirin for prevention,
according to the United States Preventive Services Task
Force. However, some older people should try it.
Patients with hypoxemic lung disease, left heart disease, or
pulmonary hypertension may harm themselves and incur
unnecessary costs by taking vasoactive medications.

22. Physical
activity
Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation following a heart attack reduces the risk of death from
cardiovascular disease and leads to less hospitalizations.[171] There have been few high-
quality studies of the benefits of exercise training in people with increased cardiovascular
risk but no history of cardiovascular disease.[172]
A systematic review estimated that inactivity is responsible for 6% of the burden of disease
from coronary heart disease worldwide.[173] The authors estimated that 121,000 deaths
from coronary heart disease could have been averted in Europe in 2008 if people had not
been physically inactive. Low-quality evidence from a limited number of studies suggest that
yoga has beneficial effects on blood pressure and cholesterol.[174] Tentative evidence
suggests that home-based exercise programs may be more efficient at improving exercise
adherence.

23. Screeni
ng
Screening ECGs—at rest or during exercise—are not recommended for those without
symptoms who are at low risk[80]. This includes young people who do not have any risk
factors. Echocardiography, myocardial perfusion imaging, and cardiac stress testing are
not recommended for those at low risk who do not have symptoms.[83] Some biomarkers
may add to conventional cardiovascular risk factors in predicting the risk of future
cardiovascular disease; however, the evidence for screening with ECGs in those at higher
risk is inconclusive.[82] However, there are a few biomarkers whose usefulness is in
question. As of 2018, the ankle-brachial index (ABI), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
(hsCRP), and coronary artery calcium are all of unclear benefit to those who do not have
symptoms.

24. Pathophysi
ology
Atherosclerosis, the most common cause of cardiovascular disease, begins in childhood, according
to population-based research. According to the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in
Youth (PDAY) study, youths aged 7 to 9 years old have intimal lesions in all of their aortas and more
than half of their right coronary arteries.

25. Cardiovascular disease is linked to obesity,
diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and
hypercholesterolemia. In fact, the most life-
threatening diabetic complication is
cardiovascular disease, and diabetics are two to
four times more likely than nondiabetics to die
from cardiovascular causes.
Deaths:-
17.9 million / 32% (2015)
Complications:-
Heart failure, heart attack, stroke, aneurysm,
peripheral artery disease, sudden cardiac arrest.

26. United
Muslim Fund