VIRUS ADSORPTION TO SOIL

1. ADSORPTION OF VIRUSES
TO SOIL PARTICLES
Submitted by
M. Shravan Kumar Reddy
M.Sc. Agronomy 1st year
RAM /16- 03.

2. Contents covered…
• What is virus ,, Virion ,, Viriod ,, Prion ??
• What is Adsorption ,, Virus adsorption
,Absorption ??
• Why we need to know the topic virus adsorption
to soil ??
• Factors influencing virus adsorption to the soil ??
• Case studies on virus adsorption to soil

3. What is virus , virion , viriod , prion ??
Viruses are sub microscopic , obligate ,, intra
cellular parasites consisting of either DNA or
RNA ( never both ) surrounded by a protein coat
called Capsid.
VIRION : Single virus particle is called the virion
VIRIOD : It is a sub viral part ,, small naked
molecule of mostly RNA i.e. infectious nucleic
acid , responsible for at least some plant diseases .
PRION : It is a proteinaceous infectious molecule .
Even smaller than a viriod and which in contrast
to the viriod ,, contain an essential protein .

4. What is Adsorption & Absorption & Virus
adsorption
• Adsorption : is the adhesion of atoms , ions ,
or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid
to a surface ..
This process creates a film of the adsorbate on the
surface of the adsorbent
 Absorption : It is a process , in which
a fluid (the absorbate) is dissolved by or permeates
a liquid or solid (the absorbent), respectively.
Adsorption is a surface-based process while
absorption involves the whole volume of the
material. The term sorption encompasses both
processes, while desorption is the reverse of it.
Adsorption is a surface phenomenon.

5. • Virus adsorption means the viruses present in the soil
are attached to the surface of the soil particles ..by
culoumbic , hydrogen bondings etc.
• The primary mechanism of virus removal by soils is through
ADSORPTION..
• Adsorption also differs with the viruse type.
• Virus adsorption is greatly effected by the pH of the soil
water system.
• This effect is primarily due to the amarphoteric nature of the
protein shell of the virus particles.
• At pH values below 7.4 the virus adsorption is rapid and
effective.
• At higher pH values the adsorption is considerabily reduced
because increased ionization of carboxylic groups of the virus
protein and the increased negative charge on the soil
particles.

6. WHY WE NEED TO KNOW THE
ADSORPTION OF VIRUSES TO SOIL ???
• The increasing pollution of our natural waters
and the fact that viruses are important agents of
human diseases have prompted research on their
fate in water bodies.
• To understand their fate during water and
waste water treatment .
• Their transport pattern in soil.
• Their distribution pattern in the soil environment
• To develop procedures for their recovery from
soil and water .

7. • The removal of viruses by biological treatment
processes involved in the purification of
waste waters, is partially based on the
adsorption of viruses by suspended solid
particles.

8. Factors influencing virus Adsorption to
soil
 pH : Hydrogen ion concentration having strong
influence on virus stability and adsorption
Adsorption of viruses to soil is
higher at low pH than at higher pH values.
higher pH resulted in elution or
release of adsorbed viruses.
Soil type : the presence of clay mineral promotes
virus adsorption ,, increased amounts of sand and
organic material decreases virus adsorption.
High virus retention by clays resulted
from their higher ion exchange capacity and large
surface area per unit volume.

9.  Cation Exchange capacity of soils: Reo virus
adsorption is correlated with the electrophoretic mobility
of the soil particles
Cations especially divalent cations ,,can
act to neutralize or reduce the negative charge of both the
virus particles and the soil particles results the adsorption
to proceed.
 Iso electric point of soil viruses : virus adsorption
to soil is negatively correlated with the virus isoelectric
point.
The most optimum pH for virus adsorption is
expected to occur at or below isoelectric point , where the
virus posses no charge or positive charge . A
corresponding negative charge on a soil particle at the
same pH would be expected to favour the adsorption .

10. . Soil Organic matter : soil organic matter has been
shown to compete with the viruses for adsorption
sites on the soil particles ,resulting in the decreased
adsorption or elution of an already adsorbed ions.
• The presence of organic matter( protein) reduces
the Reo virus adsorption to the soil .
 Humus : with the increase in humus content of
soil ,,the adsorption gets reduced . Because the
carboxylic and phenolic groups of the humic and
fulvic acid form stable complexes with the soil
particles . So the adsorption is reduced .

11.  Electrophoretic mobility of the soils : Reo
virus adsorption is correlated with the
electrophoretic mobility of the soil particles
Chemical composition of the soil : certain
metal complexes such as magnetic ion oxide have
been found to readily adsorb viruses to their
surfaces .

12. 1.Contribution of soil components to adsorption of PMMoV
by Japanese soils
Yoshimoto et al ( 2012)
Fig. 3. Relationship between Si and Fe PMMoV adsorption rates

13. Fig. 5. Relationships between soil total carbon (TC) and PMMoV
adsorption rates at phosphate buffer pHs of 4, 5, and 7.
Yoshimoto et al (2009 )

14. Fig. 5. Relationships between soil total carbon (TC) and PMMoV
adsorption rates at phosphate buffer pHs of 4, 5, and 7
Yoshimoto et al (2009 )

15. Table 4. PMMoV adsorption rates (pH 7) in the H2O2-
treated and non-treated soil samples
Soil type Adsorption rate
Non treated Treated
Tsukuba 42.1 98.2
Utsunomiya 64.2 98.2
Katawatabi 40.1 96.3
Yoshimoto et al (2009)

16. 4. Fig. 3. Comparison of virus transport behaviour under
saturated and unsaturated flow conditions –φ X 174 & MS 2
Yan jin, (2000 )

17. 4. Fig. 3. Comparison of virus transport behaviour under
saturated and unsaturated flow conditions –φ X 174 & MS 2
Yan jin ( 2000)

18. Table 1 . Virus break through ,removal ,transport, inactivation
during the transport through the geothite coated sands
Parameters
Exp. 1 ( pH 7.5 ) Exp 2. (pH 9.3)
φ X 174 MS 2 φ X 174 MS 2
Breakthrough ( % ) 5.3 18.5 34.2 89.8
Removal ( % ) 94.7 81.5 65.8 10.2
Elution ( % ) 24.7 8.0 65.8 8.9
Inactivation ( % ) 73.9 90.2 0.0 0.1
Recovery ( % ) 30.0 26.4 100.0 98.7
Jie et al ( 2008)

19. Table 1 . MS 2 Virus adsorption onto sterilized and non
sterilized cambosols
Zhaeo et al ( 2007.)

20. 6. Fig. 1 Adsorption of viruses in groundwater, flushed dairy manure
wastewater (FDMW) and an aerobically digested flushed dairy manure
wastewater (ADFDMW) to soil
Davis et al (2006) .

21. Fig. 3. Effect of Al-oxide coating on fX174 and MS-2
transport in PBS solution.
Jie and Jin (2003)

22. Fig. 1. Removal of bacteriophage MS2 in clay minerals as a
function of adsorbent dosage: (a) log removal and (b) removal
capacity
Park et al ( 2015)

23. Fig. 1. Removal of bacteriophage MS2 in clay minerals as a function
of adsorbent dosage: (a) log removal and (b) removal capacity
Park et al ,( 2015)

24. FIG. 1. Kinetics of polio virus adsorption sand suspended in
the synthetic fresh water at pH 7 and 4 C.
Moore et al (2001)

25. Fig 1 & 2 Influence of virus concentration & amount of
substrate , on poliovirus adsorption to sand.
Moore et al ( 2001)

26. FIG. 10. Effect of cations added to distilled water on adsorption
of reo virus by clay minerals
Steven et al

27. TABLE 2. Kinetics of reo virus adsorption to clay minerals
Time ( min )
% Virus adsorbed
Montmorillonite Kaolinite
0 89.7 92.7
5 92.7 93.2
10 91.3 93.2
20 94.0 91.8
30 96.2 89.5
Steven et al ( 1983 )

28. REFERENCES
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kaolinite and montmorillonite: Extended-DLVO interactions .
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• Gabrial bitton , 1975. Adsorption of viruses onto surfaces
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Clay Minerals: Effects of Cation Exchange Capacity, Cation
Saturation, and Surface Area . Applied and environmental
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29. • Jack , 2000. Removal of Viruses by Soil Passage: Overview
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