1. You have crossed two Drosophila individuals that have long wings .pdf

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1. You have crossed two Drosophila individuals that have long wings and red eyes (both are the wild type phenotype for the respective characters). In the progeny, the mutant phenotypes, called curved wings and lozenge eyes, appear as follows: Females 600 long wings, red eyes 200 curved wings, red eyes Males 300 long wings, lozenge eyes 300 long wings, red eyes 100 curved wings, red eyes 100 curved wings, lozenge eyes A] According to the data, what is the mode of inheritance for the curved wing and lozenge eye alleles? Explain your answer. B] What are the genotypes of the male and female parents? Solution A] The mode of inheritance for curved wing is autosomal recessive: The facts proving the same are: * There are almost equal number of affected males and females. * The trait has skipped generations The mode of inheritance for lozenge eyes is X-linked recessive inheritance The facts proving the same are: * Only the males are having lozenge eyes, thus most affected individuals are male. * Approximately half the sons/males are affected. B] The father will be a heterozygote for curved wings and long wings and the mother will be a heterozygote for lozenege eyes and red eyes and also curved wings and long wings..

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1. IIn cattle, roan color (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (Rr) offspring of red (RR) and white (rr) homozygotes. What type of dominance does this demonstrate? a. Codominance b. Complete dominance c. Incomplete dominance d. Sex linked trait An achondroplastic male dwarf marries a woman of average height. The man’s father was six-feet tall, and both the woman’s parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant. If a child inherits two dominant alleles (AA) it does not survive past the first year. 1. How many of their children might be expected to have achondroplasia? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 100% 2. How many of their children might have a genotype of AA? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 100% 3. How many of their children might have a genotype of Aa? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 100% 4. How many of their children might be of average height? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 100% .

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Consider a binary search tree T with nodes containing the four fields key, left, right, p. and ht, where key is an integer, left, and right are pointers to the two subtrees, p is a pointer to the parent of the node, and ht is the height of the node (the maximum length of a path from this node to a leaf). Design an algorithm for a procedure insert (T, x) that inserts to a binary searches tree T a new node x (whose key is not in the tree yet), and updates lit fields accordingly. The function should work in O(h) time, where h is the length of the access path. Solution Algorithm is implemented in C: struct node { int key; struct node *left, *right; }; //function to create a new BST node struct node *new_Node(int item) { struct node *tem = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node)); tem->key = item; tem->left = tem->right = NULL; return tem; } /INSERT PROCEDURE /* Given key in BST,function to insert a new node. */ struct node* insert(struct node* T, int x) { /* If tree is empty then return a new node */ if (T == NULL) return new_Node(x); /* else, repeat down the tree */ if (x < T->x) T->left = insert(T->left, x); else if (key > node->key) T->right = insert(T->right, x); return T; }.

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Based on the article Why It Is Time to Look Beyond Algal Genes in Photosynthetic Slugs By: Cessa Rauch1, Jan de Vries 1, Sophie Rommel2, Laura E. Rose2, Christian Woehle3, Gregor Christa1, Elise M. Laetz4, Heike Wa ¨gele4, Aloysius G.M. Tielens5,6, Jo ¨rg Nickelsen7, Tobias Schumann8, Peter Jahns8, and Sven B. Gould1,* Answer this: --> It has been argued that the reason for detection of such a small amount of mRNA (the read count) of lateral gene transfer origin in the slug cells is due to only very few cells containing plastids. Do you agree with this argument? Why or why not? --> The authors present several alternative reasons for the stability of plastids within the slug cells. Describe two of these reasons. Solution 1. No, we donot agree with the argument. Through LGT from algae to slugs has similar RNA sequence,supported by genome sequence of slug DNA, failed to give an evidence for such LGT events later on. So by this, it is clear that there is no proof that the evolution of kleptoplasty in photosynthetic slugs involves LGT events, where they depend purely on nuclear genes. In some of the photosynthetic slugs, plastids sequestered from algae can continue to photosynthesize for weeks, or even months, in the absence of algal nuclei. Therefore, in conclusion, some isolated algal plastids are by nature more robust than those of land plants and there is no evidence that any of these require the expression of slug genes of algal origin. 2. Plastids have effective photoprotection mechanisms. Slugs acquiring robust plastids will not automatically retain them long-term and endure starvation. Slugs are physiologically adapted and require to retain them functionally..

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Compare/contrast the following classes of hormones by identifying three similarities and four differences among/between them. In addition, be able to list several specific examples of each. AMINE vs. PEPTIDE vs. STEROID Solution Three similarities between the three hormones- 1. Being hormones, the site of synthesis and the site of action of all the three hormones are different. 2. They are all organic molecules and rich in carbon and hydrogen. 3. They are all released directly into the blood stream. Differences Peptide Steroid Amine Composition Made of few to many amino acids(3-200), synthesized from mRNA Derived from cholesterol (from pregnenolone, a steroid precursor) Derived from amino acids tyrosine or tryptophan Solubility in lipid bilayer Not soluble soluble Not soluble Nature Hydrophillic with cell surface receptors( except- thyroid hormones are lipid soluble) Lipophillic with intracellular receptors Hydrophillic with cell surface receptors Mode of Action Through secondary messengers like cAMP, cGMP etc by cascading effect Once inside the cell it binds DNA and modifies transcription Through binding to beta adrenergic receptors, by secondary messengers (signal transduction) or calcium or phosphoinositides Examples ADH, calcitonin, Insulin, Pituitary Hormones (LH,FSH, ACTH, TSH,GH) Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol Epinephrine, nor epinephrine, melatonin, dopamine Peptide Steroid Amine Composition Made of few to many amino acids(3-200), synthesized from mRNA Derived from cholesterol (from pregnenolone, a steroid precursor) Derived from amino acids tyrosine or tryptophan Solubility in lipid bilayer Not soluble soluble Not soluble Nature Hydrophillic with cell surface receptors( except- thyroid hormones are lipid soluble) Lipophillic with intracellular receptors Hydrophillic with cell surface receptors Mode of Action Through secondary messengers like cAMP, cGMP etc by cascading effect Once inside the cell it binds DNA and modifies transcription Through binding to beta adrenergic receptors, by secondary messengers (signal transduction) or calcium or phosphoinositides Examples ADH, calcitonin, Insulin, Pituitary Hormones (LH,FSH, ACTH, TSH,GH) Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol Epinephrine, nor epinephrine, melatonin, dopamine.

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Why does the incidence of acute disease decrease with age? Solution Incidence of acute diseases decrease with age because the body which is through all the worst times have gained enough resistance though the immunity decreases with age still the body will be ready to fight with acute infections and go over that due to the resistance developed in course of lifetime. i hope this is a brief answer and would help you. Thank you.

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