5. Russia is formally called the Russia Federation
Neighbour countries comprise 12 countries
Together with Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, they once formed the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) or Soviet Union
Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991
Continue to share a common political and economic legacy of Soviet System
The most noteworthy is the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) because it once
included all 12 countries
Focus either on maintaining the trade flow or on collective security
introduction
7. 4.1 TEMPERATE CLIMATES
4 to 7 months with an average temperature at least 10 degree Celsius (50.0
degree F)
Oceanic Temperate Climate
Continental Temperate Climate
Example: Central Russia
8. 4.2 BOREAL CLIMATES
1 to 3 months with an average temperature at least 10 C (50.0 F)
Oceanic boreal climate
Continental boreal climate
Example : Taiga
9. 4.3 POLAR CLIMATES
1 to 3 months with an average temperature at least 10 C (50.0 F)
Tundra Climate
Perpetual Frost Climate
Example : Arctic Islands
12. Located in western Siberia
The most polluted environment in Russia
Blacksmith Institute in New York
10 most polluted places on earth
Contains some of the world’s richest deposit of mineral ore
MMC Norilsk Nickel releases tons of pollutants into the atmosphere each year (air pollution)
The company promised to cut the sulfur dioxide but turned out the emissions continued to be emitted.
Nickel dust was reduced but the problem still continues.
The haze blackens the snow, killed acres of trees and poisons the river.
Local workers in the factories : believe fumes against the disease
Local physicians : high incidence such as cancer and “nickel eczema”
5.1 Pollution at Norilsk
13. Figure 5.1.1 Copper, nickel oxide, other heavy
metals
Figure 5.1.2 Norilsk is the world’s northernmost
city and is situated deep in central-northern
Russia, in Siberia, east of the Yenisei river.
14. 5.2 Aral Sea Contraction
One of the greatest environment disasters in the world
Occurred in the lands east of the Aral Sea.
When the snow on high mountains melts in spring, it provides water to the Amu Darya and Syr Darya
rivers flow into the Aral Sea
Water provided for local irrigation farming
The Soviet Union plans in using the water on irrigated cotton farms
The project extracted much water that the rivers stopped flowing into the Aral Sea
Aral Sea becomes smaller as it contracts
All transportation has stopped
In 2005, the World Bank provided a 13 km dam to control the flow of the Syr Darya.
16. 5.3 Oil Pollution
A section of the Sayano-Shushenskaya collapsed in Siberia
Huge dam supplied 15% of Russia’s hydroelectricity and 2% of its total electricity
Dam’s failure created an oil slick 80 miles long on the Yenisey River which killed at least
50 people.
Sumgait, Azerbaijan is one of the world’s most polluted places.
The main supplier of petrochemicals to the Soviet market, 30 or so industrial plants are
now a huge wasteland.
Smells of chlorine and sulfur.
18. 5.4 Threatened Fisheries
The Black Sea
Ukrainian government made a proposal to
build a large oil terminal and refinery near
Odessa
Threatened beaches and offshore locations
Fish stocks, plants and animal life are killed
Only five of 26 fish species were still found
Offshore drilling for oil and gas near the
Crimean Peninsula
Figure 5.4.1 The Black Sea
20. 5.5 Nuclear Pollution
The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear reactor explosion
Affects the North of Kiev and in Belarus
Dumped nuclear have released radioactive pollution
“Kyshtym Incident” The Urals exposed almost 500000 people to harmful doses of
nuclear radiation
One of the most polluted areas of the CIS
In 2004, Chernobyl offered as an international tourist venue.
21. Figure 5.5.1 An aerial view of the
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant before the disaster in Ukraine
Figure 5.5.2 Nuclear reactor number four at the Chernobyl
Nuclear Power Plant
23. Russian and Neighbouring Country cover more than four (4) times as much land surface as
the European world region.
The region is divided into 12 countries, compared to Europe which is has more than 30
The Russian Federation is large than all the countries in the region put together, nearly twice
the size of United States.
24. This differences reflect the cultural and political history of region.
The European empires such as France and United Kingdom conquered lands overseas, the
Russian Empire conquered people and land adjacent to it.
As early as the mid-1800s, the Russian Empire has become very multinational
25. Over the last two (2) millennia, three (3) major invading influence were Christianity penetrating
the region from the southwest, Islam interring from the south and Mongol culture sweeping in
from the east.
CHRISTIANITY MONGOL CULTURE ISLAM
26. 6.1 EASTERN SLAVS
As early as 1500, a Proto Slavic people occupied land between Vistula and
Dnieper rivers.
They divided into 3 main branches is western, southern and eastern branches.
6.1.1 Rus’
6.1.2 Muscovy
6.1.3 The Russian Empire
27. 6.1.1 RUS’
From the 800s, Vikings moved into the north European plain along the Volga river.
Figure 6.1.1.1 The Volga River
28. They established control and began trading the AMBER, BEESWAX, FUR and PRECIOUS METAL of
newly acquired land with Byzantium.
Figure 6.1.1.2 The Amber Figure 6.1.1.3 The Beeswax
30. The term Rus’ applied to both the people and land.
The most important of the earliest Rus’ principalities were
Novgorod and Kiev.
In 988, Prince Vladimir brought Eastern Orthodox Christianity to
Rus
Kiev was sacked in 1240
Novgorod escaped invasion, but it had to pay tribute to the
Mongols.
The Mongol established the Khanate Of The Golden Horde.
Figure 6.1.1.6 Prince Vladimir
31. 6.1.2 MUSCOVY
Moscow emerged in the principality of Vladimir-
Suzdal on the trade route between the Baltic and
Black seas.
In 1299, southern Rus’ principality came under
control of the Mongol.
Around 1318, the prince married the sister of the
Khan of the Golden Horde.
During the 1400, the grand prince of Moscow
conquered the Rus’ principality
By 1480, Muscovy was so powerful and Mongol
authority so weak.
Figure 6.1.2.1 The trade route between
The Baltic and Black seas
32. 6.1.3 THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
From 1480, Muscovy’s territory continued to expand into Siberia and Central Asia.
The greatest territorial expansions were made under Peter The Great, Catherine The Great
and Alexander I.
Peter is the founded the city of St. Petersburg and made the country’s new capital in 1712.
In late 1700, Catherine conquered lands to the west, incorporating Poland and to South
gaining all of Ukraine.
She also founded the Black Sea port of Odessa
Alexander I was considered the “Saviour of Europe” for defecting Napoleon attack on
Moscow.
33. Figure 6.1.3.1 Peter the Great Figure 6.1.3.2 Catherine the Great Figure 6.1.3.3 Alexander I
35. 6.2.1 COMPETING FOR CONTROL
World War I (1914- 1918 ) exerted a great stress on Russian Empire
By 1917, food shortages and huge death toll.
By late 1917 the Bolsheviks, a group of communist, also knows as “Reds” overthrew the
provisional government.
B1922, The Reds gained the upper hand, expelled their enemies and reclaimed Belarus ,
Ukraine in he Caucasus and Central Asia.
Bolsheviks change the old system of government and economy.
Bolsheviks despised capitalism .
Bolsheviks was seen the religion as a tool of the oppressors.
36. 6.2.2 FIVE-YEAR PLANS
The five year plans called for collectivization and industrialization.
Small family farm create the large farms.
Command economy-the government set quotes favouring heavy industry over
production of goods.
Central planning – in contrast to capitalist economies, supply, demand or profit did not
dictate what would be produced.
In 1939, Stalin entered into a nonaggression pact with Hitler.
37. 6.2.3 world war II
On 1941, Hitler launched operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union survived largely because of its sheer size
The Soviet moved war production farther east.
Finally the harsh Russian winter stopped the German Nazi army
After a fierce battle, Soviet forces began rolling back the Nazi invaders and began
winning.
38. 7.0 GLOBAL CHANGE AND LOCAL RESPOND
7.1 COMMUNISM AT AN ECONOMIC STANDSTILL
7.2 PERESTROIKA & GLASNOST
39. 7.1 COMMUNISM AT AN ECONOMIC STANDSTILL
When Stalin died in 1953, his series of five-year plans had helped the Soviet Union to partially catch
up to the West, despite the serious setbacks of World War II
Industry in the West now worked with new materials such as plastics and other synthetics and used
new fuels such a petroleum and natural gas
The Soviet Union relied on materials such as metal, wood and coal as fuel
Consumers in the West are more demanding
Production flexibility became the key to success
The weakness of the economic system only compounded over time
41. 7.2 PERESTROIKA AND GLASNOST
Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985
He highlighted two concepts : Perestroika (economic restructuring)
Glasnost (information openness)
For Perestroika, to divorce economics from politics, allow more local control and introduce
free market practices
For Glasnost, the policy of providing government information to citizens.
47. 8.1.2.1 MANUFACTURING
Automobile
Tolyatti, Russia
Lada, AvtoVaz
The Vaz factory is the largest car manufacturing in
Russia and are the largest in the world with over 140
KM of production line
Figure 8.1.2.1.1 AVTOVAZ logo
Figure 8.1.2..1.2 The HQ of Avtovaz
48. 8.1.2.2 SERVICE
Railways
Kyiv, Ukraine
Ukrainian Railways
Rail transport is heavily utilised in Ukraine
(sourced from http://ukraine-travel-secrets.com/ukraine-train-travel.html)
Figure 8.1.2.2.1 The railways Figure 8.1.2.2.2 Ukrainian railways compared to the competitors
49. 8.1.2.3 AGRICULTURE
Wine Industry
Milestii Mici, Moldova
Wine of Moldova
Milestii Mici contains the world largest wine cellars. It stretches for 200KM &
holds almost 2 million bottle of wine
(sourced from :https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/europe/moldova/worlds-largest-wine-cellar/)
Figure 8.1.2.1 Company Wine od Moldova Figure 8.1.2.2 Wine Store
52. 8.2.2 LIST OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
AGRICULTURE MINING SERVICE
53. 8.2.3 AGRICULTURE
AZERSUN HOLDING
Soybeans, wheat, vegetable
Location: Baku, Azerbaijan
Azersun Holding started out back in 1991 to
become a strong market leader position in the food
production, retail and farming sectors throughout
the country and region wide.
Figure 8.2.3.1 Azersun Logo
55. 8.2.4 MINING
Oil and gas
Azerbaijan’s major mineral wealth is its oil and gas reserves.
Location : Baku, Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan is one of the birthplaces of the oil industry.
Figure 8.2.4.1 Offshore oil fields in Azerbaijan Figure 8.2.4.2 Gas compressor in Azerbaijan
56. 8.2.5 SERVICE
Location : Batumi, Georgia
Located on the coast of the
Black Sea in the country's
southwest.
Batumi is the 2nd largest city in
Georgia
Batumi today is one of the main
port cities of Georgia.
Figure 8.2.5.1 Sheraton Batumi Hotel, Batumi, Georgia
61. 8.1.2.1 MANUFACTURING
Aluminium Production
COMPANY : TALCO
Location: Dushanbe, Tajikistan
Runs the largest aluminium
manufacturing plant in Central Asia
Source: http://www.talco.com.tj/en/aboutus/inf
Figure 8.1.2.1.1 The Factory of Aluminium Talco
Figure 8.1.2.1.2 The Talco Logo
62. 8.1.2.2 MINING
PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
Oil and gas industry
Company : Uzbekneftegaz
Location : Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Transformed into national holding
company
SOURCE : http://www.ung.uz/en
Figure 8.1.2.2.1 The Uzbekneftegaz logo
63. Figure 8.1.2.2.2 The Uzbekneftegaz Factory
Figure 8.1.2.2.3 The Uzbekneftegaz Oil and gas industry
64. 8.1.2.3 SERVICE
Travel Agency Company
COMPANY : SADMOL
Location : Almaty, Kazakhstan
SADMOL has been working in tourism for 20 years
SOURCE: http://www.sadmol.com/places
Figure 8.1.2.3.1 The SADMOL logo
65. Figure 8.1.2.3.1 Ile – alatau National Park.Figure 8.1.2.3.2 Almaty Zoo, Kazakhstan.
