2. INTRODUCTION
The spin echo pulse sequence commonly uses a 90°
excitation pulse to flip the NMV into the transverse plane.
The NMV precesses in the transverse plane inducing a
voltage in the receiver coil.
The precessional paths of the magnetic moments of the
nuclei are translated into the transverse plane. When the
90° RF pulse is removed, a free inducti on decay signal
(FID) is produced. T2 * dephasing occurs almost
immediately, and the signal decays. A 180 ° RF pulse is
then used to compensate for this dephasing.
3. TYPES
Spin echo pulse sequences (spins are rephased by a 180
rephasing pulse):
1. Conventional spin echo
2. Fast or turbo spin echo
3. Inversion recovery
4. Conventional Spin Echo Mechanism:
Spin echo uses a 90° excitation pulse followed by one or
more 180° rephasing pulses to generate a spin echo.
PARAMETERS
T 1 weighting
Short TE 10– 30ms
Short TR 300– 700ms
Typical scan time 4– 6 min
Proton density/T2 weighting
Short TE 20ms/long TE 80ms +
Long TR 2000ms +
Typical scan time 7–15min
5. ADVANTAGES
The contrast is truly based on the T1 and T2 relaxation
T1 weighted images
for anatomy (high SNR)
with contrast enhancement - show pathology.
T2 weighted images also demonstrate pathology.
DISADVANTAGES
Scan times relatively
6.
7. Fast Or Turbo Spin Echo MECHANISM
The main aim is to reduce the scan time. TR, NEX, no.
of phase encoding are the function of time. Decreasing
TR,NEX affect image weighting.
Reducing phase encoding reduce spatial resolution
8. So In Fast Spin Echo Several 180° rephasing pulses to
produce train of echo called echo train
With More than one phase encoding step and more lines of
k Space filled per TR.
At each rephasing, an echo is produced and a different
phase encoding step is performed.
The no:of 180° rephasing pulse corresponds to no:of echoes
and k space lines, this number called turbo factor or echo
train length
9.
10. How The Scan Time is Reduced
Higher the turbo factor shorter the scan time as more
phase encoding steps are performed per TR
Eg. In conventional spin echo, 256 phase matrix selected
so, 256 TR elapse to complete scan
In fast spin echo, using turbo factor 16, 16 phase encoding
steps are performed every TR.
So 256÷16, scan time reduced to 1/16 of the original
Conventional one line is filled per TR FSE several lines are
filled per
11. Weighting In Fast Spin Echo
Different slope of gradient to phase shift the signal by
different amount.
Steep = less amplitude, but good spatial resolution,
effective TE is away from center
Shallow = maximum signal, effective TE is centered
12. Two Contrast Differences Occur
Fat remains bright on T2 weighted images due to multiple
RF pulses (J coupling)
Remedy: fat saturation technique
Repeated 180° pulse can increase “Magnetization transfer
effect” so muscle appear darker
Sagittal T2 weighted fast spin echo sequence through the
pelvis. Note that both fat and water have high signal
intensity.
13. Blurring may occur at edge of tissue - late echoes have low
signal amplitude.
Remedy Decrease the spacing between echoes or turbo
factor
Multiple 180˚ reduce magnetic susceptibility effect
Detrimental when looking hemorrhages
Artefact from metal implant is greatly reduced
Respiratory artefact happen when respiratory
compensation technique are not compatible. Patient holds
their breath while imaging
14. USES
Generally speaking contrast in fast spin echo is
similar to spin echo, and used in..
Musculoskeletal regions
Central nervous system
Pelvis
Parameters For T1 Weighting
TR 300 -700ms
Effective TE minimum
Turbo factor 2-8
15. For PD weighting
TR 3000-10000ms (depending on required slice number)
effective TE minimum
turbo factor 2-8 .
16.
17. For T2 weighting
TR 3000-100 00ms (depending on required slice
number)
Effective TE 80- 140ms
turbo factor 12- 30
18. Short Turbo Factor
decreased effective TE
increased T1 weighting
longer scan time
more slices per TR
reduced image blurring
Long Turbo Factor
increased effective TE
increased T2 weighting
reduced scan time
reduced slice number per TR
increased image blurring
19. Advantages
Scan times greatly reduced
High - resolution matrices and multiple NEX can
be used
Image quality improved
Increased T2 information
Disadvantages
Some flow and motion affects increased
Incompatible with some imaging options
Fat bright on T2 weighted images
Image blurring with very long echo trains
20. Single Shot Fast Spin Echo (SS-FSE)
Scan time is much reduced in SS-FSE than fast
spin echo
All lines of K space is filled in one TR
SS-FSE combines a partial Fourier technique.
Half of lines acquired in one TR and other half are
transposed
21. There is a SNR penalty,because of longer turbo factor
Specific absorption rate (SAR) is increased because of
successive 180˚ pulses.
Remedy: (to decrease SAR)
Reduce no: of slices
Reduce refocusing angle to low as 120˚.
But ..., Decreasing the SAR - will Decrease the SNR
22. Driven Equilibrium Fourier Transform
Modification of FSE ( called DRIVEN, RESTORE, or
FR-FSE)
A reverse flip angle excitation pulse applied at end of
echo train.
No need to wait for T1 Relaxation to occur
This drives any transverse magnetization into
longitudinal so available for next TR.
Water has longest T1 and T2 times, appear bright
24. Inversion recovery
Inversion recovery is a pulse sequence begins with 180
inverting pulse.
This inverts the nmv through 180 into full saturation
When the inverting pulse is removed,the nmv begins
to relax back to B.
A 90 degree excitation pulse is then applies at the time
from the 180 degree inverting pulse known as the
TI(time from inversion )
25.
26. STIR (short tau inversion recovery)
Uses TI that corresponds to the time it takes fat to
recover from full inversion to the transverse plane so
that there is no longitudinal magnetization
corresponding to fat.
A 90˚ excitation pulse is applied, so fat signal is nulled.
A TI of 100– 175ms achieves fat suppression
27. STIR should not be used in conjunction with contrast
enhancement, which shortens the T1 times of
enhancing tissues, making them bright.
28. PARAMETERS
Short TI - 150– 175ms (to suppress fat depending on
field strength)
Long TE - 50ms+ (to enhance signal from pathology)
Long TR - 4000ms+(to allow full recovery)
Long turbo factor - 16–20 (to enhance signal from
pathology)
30. FLAIR (fluid attenuated inversion
recovery)
TI corresponding to the time of recovery of CSF from
180° to the transverse plane nulls the signal from CSF.
FLAIR is used to suppress the high CSF signal in T2
weighted images so that pathology adjacent to CSF is
seen more clearly
A TI of 1700– 2000ms achieves CSF suppression
31.
32. PARAMETERS
Long TI 1700– 2200ms (to suppress CSF depending on
field strength)
Long TE 70ms+(to enhance signal from pathology)
Long TR 6000 ms+ (to allow full recovery)
Long turbo factor 16– 20 (to enhance signal from
pathology)