Bservicereport 2

TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY
BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM
PROJECT 2
____________________________________________________________________________
Building Services
BLD 60903/ ARC 2423
Tutor: Mr. Rizal
Student name and ID:
1. Gary Yeow 0318797
2. Lynette Law 0317761
3. Foo Shi-Ko 0318262
4. Tristan Yu Tze-Xien 0317729
5. Hariish Kumar 0318852
6. Adam Tan 0317750

BuildingServicesProject2|| Report (BLD60903/ARC 2423) 2
TABLEOF CONTENTS PAGE
1.0 Abstract …………………………………………………………………………. 6
2.0 Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………….. 7
3.0 Introduction: Old Folks’ Home …………………………………………………….. 8
3.1 Building Floor Plans
4.0 Fire Protection System ………………………………………………………………. 9 - 71
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature Review
4.2.1 Active fire Protectionsystem
4.2.2 Passive fire protectionsystem
4.3 Active fire protection system
4.3.1 FireDetectionSystem
4.3.1.1 Smoke Detector
4.3.1.2 Heat Detector
4.3.1.3 Flame Detector
4.3.2 FireAlarm System (Automatic and Manual)
4.3.2.1 Fire Alarm Control Panel
4.3.2.2 Fire Emergency Light
4.3.2.3 Fire Alarm Strobe
4.3.2.4 Fire Alarm Bell
4.3.2.5 Fireman Intercom System
4.3.2.6 Manual Call Point
4.3.2.7 Fireman Switch

4.3.3 FireFighting System
4.3.3.1 Fire Extinguisher
4.3.3.2 External Fire Hydrant
4.3.3.3 Hose Reel System
4.3.3.4 Water Sprinkler System
4.4 Passive fire protection system
4.5 Proposed System
4.5.1 FireDetectionSystem
4.5.1.1 Smoke Detector
4.5.1.2 Heat Detector
4.5.2 FireAlarm System
4.5.2.1 Fire Alarm Control Panel
4.5.2.2 Fire Emergency Light
4.5.2.3 Fire Alarm Strobe and Alarm Bell
4.5.2.4 Manual Call Point
4.5.3 FireFightingSystem
4.5.3.2 Dry Riser System
4.5.3.3 Hose Reel System
4.5.3.4 External Fire Hydrant
5.0 Mechanical Ventilation System
………………………………………………………………………………………..………… 72 - 86

5.1 Introduction
5.3 Specific System Selected
5.4 Types ofFan
5.4.1 Propeller Fan
5.4.2 Exhaust Hood
5.4.3 CentrifugalFan
5.4.4 Ductwork
5.5 Proposed System
6.0 Air Conditioning System ……………………………………………………… 87 - 110
6.1 Introduction
6.3 OperatingPrinciplesofAir Cooling
6.3.1 RefrigerationCycle
6.4 Types ofAir Conditioning System
6.4.1 WindowAir ConditioningSystem
6.4.2 Split Air ConditioningSystem
6.4.2.1 Outdoor Unit
6.4.2.2 Indoor Unit
6.4.3 CentralizedAir ConditioningSystem
6.4.4 PackagedAir ConditioningSystem
6.5 Proposal ofSystem
6.5.1 Analysis and Justifications
7.0 Mechanical Transportation System …………………………………………. 110 - 125
7.1 Introduction
7.2.1 Hydraulic Elevator
7.3 Standard Elevator Components
7.4 Operating Principles ofHydraulic Elevators
7.5 Safety System

7.6 Types ofElevator
7.6.1 Hydraulic Elevator
7.6.2 TractionElevator
7.6.3 Machine-Room-Less(MRL)Elevator
7.7 Uniform Building By-Law & Other Requirements
8.0 Summary/ Conclusion…………………………………………….…………...…..… 126-127
9.0 References & Citation……………………………………………………………….. 128 -130

1.0 Abstract
In this assignment,we, as students are requiredto chooseoneof the groupmember’sdesignschemefrom
Semester4 DesignStudioprojectwhichisCenterfor the Elderly. Eachgroupis to perform a study and analysis of
the followingservicessystems, andapplythem in the proposalwithappropriatejustifications:
a. Mechanicalventilation
b. Air-conditioningsystem
c. Fireprotection(activeandpassive fire protectionsystem)
d. Mechanicaltransportationsystem (lift)
Throughouttheassignment,weare ableto exploreandgainthe knowledgefrom thebuildingservicessystems.
Meanwhile,wecanillustrateorapplyour understandingintotheproposedbuilding,afterthe findingsand analysis
that have beencarriedout. In-depthresearchthroughbooksandonlineresourceshasbeendonein orderto create
preciousandcarefulservicesystem design.RegulationssuchasUBBL and MalaysianStandardarebeingapplied
whichalignwithbuildingby-lawwhichisimportantfor us to understandthe basic requirementofdesigningbuilding
services.

2.0 Acknowledgement
Firstly, wewouldlike to thank you Mr.Rizal for his guidance throughouttheprocessof our project. Besidesthat, we
are alsograteful that Mr. Rizal have spent his qualitytimewith us. Helpingusso muchbyprovidingsomedetailed
informationduringtutorialsession. From thisassignment,wehave truly understandthe functionalityof usingspecific
system to ensurethat the right system couldbeusedon specific area. Finally,wewouldlike to thank you allthe
groupmemberswhoputin so mucheffortand hardwork into makingtheresearchreportinto a success.

3.0 Introduction:Old Folks’Home
3.1 Building Floor

Plan

4.0 Fire Protection System
4.1 Introduction
Fireis the result of 3 majorelements,whicharefuel,oxygen and heat.
Fire Protection refers to the procedures and safety measures which is conducted to prevent or delay fire to be
destructive as well as reducing the impact of uncontrolled fire which could ensure the safety and property of people.
Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially destructive fires. It involves
the study of the suppression and investigation of fire and its related destructive fires. It involves the study of the
suppression and investigation of fire and its related emergencies, as well as the research and development,
production and testing. In structures, the owner and operators are responsible to maintain their facilities in
accordance with a design-basis that is rooted in laws, including the local building code that is in effect when an
application for a building permit is made. Building inspectors check on compliance of a building under construction
with the building code. Onceconstruction is complete, a building must be maintained in accordance with the building
code. Onceconstruction iscomplete, a building must bemaintained in accordance with the current fire code, which is
enforced by the fire prevention officers of a local fire department. In the event of fire emergencies, firefighters, fire
investigators, and other fire prevention personnel called to mitigate, investigate and learn from the damage of a
fire.The purpose of fire protection is to prevent building occupants, properties from the damage which resulted byfire.
It aims to avoid the fire spread from one building to another. There are 2 types of fire protections that can be carried
out, whichareactive fire protectionsystem andpassive fire protectionsystem.

4.2.1 Active fire protection system
Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work
efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated, like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a
sprinkler, but either way they require some amount of action. The system targets to detect the early stage of fire
before it grows bigger, and notify or give emergency warning to building occupants, so that they can escape and
extinguish the fire before it’s too late. Active fire protection systems are separated into 3 stages, Fire detection, Fire
notification,andFirefighting(Water basedsystem andNon-waterbasedsystem).
4.2.2 Passive fire protection system
By law, everybuilding needs to have passive fire protection. It is to provide safety for the users during an evacuation
of fire. An effective passive fire protection can be done on a building by considering the users of the building, the
function of the building, the height of the building and the type of the building. Users should be protected within the
building during evacuation. Generally, the idea to escape the building is to provide escape route, emergencyaccess,
uses of materialsthat have highfire resistant and not dependingontheoperationof mechanicaldevice.
Asafe escape route is needed to provide safe surroundings for user to be able to leave the building and gather at the
assembly point safely, hence escape route need to be kept clear from obstructions, so that there is a clear path for
user, in order to keep it clear, some areas are suggested to be emergency access. Besides, most of the time the
escape routes are normally located at areas which less likely to be the starting point of fire. Some building include
smoke chamber before entering the escape routes, normally windows are placed in this chamber to filter out the
smoke but some do it mechanically. Escape routes are also well ventilated with windows or mechanically , this is to
ensure sufficiency of oxygen within the routes. Never the less, the materials that are used need to be fire resistance
materials,it is buy time for the users to leave the building,toprevent the spreadingoffire towards the escaperoutes.
4.3 Active fire protection system
4.3.1 Detection
Automatic fire detection systems detect the initial stage of fire and notify the building occupants to leave or take
action bygiving emergencyresponses.This will significantlyreduce propertydamage, personal injuries, even loss of

life from the fire. This system can use electronic sensors to detect the presence of fire resulting elements such as
smoke,heat andflames.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 225:
Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with
illuminatedexitsignsinaccordancewiththerequirementsasspecifiedinthe TenthScheduletothese By-laws.
4.3.1.1 Smokedectector
Therearetwo mainsmokealarmsgenerallyusedin the industry, whichareionization detectorsandphotoelectric
detectors.Belowis the table that showingthe comparisonof2 types of smokedetectors.
Ionization smoke detector
Comparison aspects
Photoelectric smoke detector
Contain a very small amount of
americium-241 within an ionization
chamber. They create an electric
current between two metal plates,
which sound an alarm when
disrupted by smoke entering the
Principles
Contain a light source in a light-
sensitive electric sensor, which are
positioned at 90-degree angles to
one another. Normally, light from the
light source shoots straight across
and misses the sensor. When
smoke enters the chamber, it

chamber. scatters the light, which then hits the
sensorand triggersthe alarm.
Fasterto flamingfire(growthstage) Respond Faster to a smoldering fire (early
stage)
Contains radioactive material,
Americium-241
Environment Eco-friendly
Frequent(30%disconnected) False alarm Few(Approximately8 timeslesser)
High (56% failure for smoldering
fire, 20% failurefor flamingfire)
Failure rate Low (4% failure for both smoldering
andflamingfire)
Cheap Price Expensive
4.3.1.2 Heat detector
Heat detector is used to detect the heat, where the alarm contains a thermistor (sensor) to respond to temperatures
above 58 Celsius. This detector is suitable for spaces such as kitchen and garage, as the heat alarms don’t react to
smokes, which means they are not prone to false alarms from cooking or exhaust fumes. Below are the illustrations
that shows howthe heat detectorworks:
Stage 1. Hot air from the fire willriseand enterthe sensorchamberofthe detector.

Stage 2. When the chamber’s temperature rises till 58 Celsius or above, it stimulates the detector and send signal to
integratedfire controlpanel,whichresultsfirealarm to ring andalert the buildingoccupants.
4.3.1.3 Flamedetector
Flame detector designated to detect the presence of fire. There are many types of fire detectors available on the
market, but the most common ones are ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR). Below is the table that shows the
comparisonofbothdetectors.

UV flamedetector Comparison aspects IRflamedetector
Respond to radiation in the spectral
range of approximately 180-260
nanometers. They offer quick
responseandgoodsensitivity.
Principles Use multiple infrared spectral
regions to further improve
differentiation of flame sources from
non-flamebackgroundradiation.
Indoors Location Both indoorandoutdoor
Short range(0-50 ft) Detection range Moderaterange(upto 200 ft)
Reducedbyheavy smoke Detection ability Relatively immune to smoky
conditions
Costly Cost Costly
Both flame detectors’ detection capability can be affected by actual flames and radiation from sunlight, lightning,
arc welding,hot objects,andother non-flameobjects.
4.3.2 Fire Alarm System
4.3.2.1 FireAlarmControl Panel (FACP)

Fire alarm system is important in active fire protection system as its role in alerting or delivering emergencysignals to
building occupants to take action as soon as possible. Usually the system can be done automatically or manual.
Automatic fire alarm system is connected with detectors (smoke,heat,flame detector) as initial sign of fire, then
trigger the fire alarm system (strobe, alarm bell) to be operated and eventually fire fighting(water sprinkler system)
will be carried out. Whereas manual fire alarm system will be started from manual pull station and fire intercom
system, which require user to operate to trigger the fire alarm and fighting system. Usually two-stage fire alarm
system being used which designated for building staff only. The staff are expected to investigate the source of the
alarm, and activate the alarm signal if the fire exists. The alarm signal is automatically set off after a predetermined
period of time if the staff have not alreadyactivated it or reset the alarm system. Staff can silent the coded alert signal
and reset the system if the alert is determined as a false alarm. Generally, there are two types of fire alarm system,
which are conventional fire alarm system and addressable fire alarm system. Below are the comparison of both
systems:
Conventional fire alarm system
Comparison aspects
Addressable fire alarm system
With a conventional system, there is Principles Every device connected to the

no way of pinpointing the exact
location of the fire. However, by
wiring your building into different
zones, you can get a general idea of
where the fire is. For instance, if you
have two floors, you could wire the
first as ‘zone 1’ and the second as
zone 2.
addressable system has its own
unique address. When a fire is
detected, the device’s address
shows up on the main control panel,
telling you exactly which device has
been activated. This will enable you
to find the exact location of a fire
andextinguishthem quickly.
With a conventional alarm, each
device will be connected to the
control panel via its own wire, rather
than a shared one. One end of the
wire will be touching the device, and
anothertouchingthecontrolpanel.
Wiring difference Addressable alarm systems connect
devices using a loop. This is where
one wire connects all devices to the
control panel. Both ends of the wire
loopconnecttothe controlpanel.
Cheaper to buy but expensive
installationcost
Price Optional, can be costly depends on
the user
If a wire has become severed, the
devicewillbecomedisconnected.
Preference Reliable because the wire connects
to the control panel at both ends. If
one end of the loop becomes
severed, signals can still be sent to
the control panel via the other end of
the loop. Loop isolation modules are
also used to separate devices on
the loop. This means that if one
device becomes disconnected, it
won’tdisablethe circuit.
4.3.2.2 FireEmergencyLight

Fire emergencylighting is the lighting that provided for an emergencysituation where themain power supplyis cut as
well as the normal illumination fails. It operates automaticallyand give sufficient light to enable building occupants to
evacuate the premises safely. There are 2 types of power supplythat connected to emergencylight so that it can be
function by the time required, which are self-contained (single point) and central battery source. Below are the
comparisonbetweenbothtypes of emergencylight:
Self-contained Comparison aspects Central battery source
-Fasterand cheapertoinstall
-Standardwiringmaterialprovided
-Low maintenance and hardware
equipmentcost
-Each luminaire is independent of
the others
-Easily extended with additional
luminaires
-No special sub-circuit monitoring
requirement
Advantages -Easy maintenance and routine
testing
-Average battery life is 5 to 25 years
-Environmentallystable
-Can operate at high or low ambient
temperature
-May be adversely affected by a
relatively high or low ambient
Disadvantages -Highcapitalequipmentcosts
-Cost of installation and wiring

temperature
-Battery life is limited between 2 to 4
years
-Testing requires isolation and
observation of luminaires on an
individualbasis
system is high
-Poor system integrity whereas the
failure of battery can disable a large
part of the system
-Localised mains failure may not
trigger operation of emergency
lighting
-Voltage can be drop depends on
the distancefrom the centralbattery
Typically, self-contained luminaire
becomes most popular choice due
to the cost from installation and
material
Preference
4.3.2.3 FireAlarmStrobe
Strobe light is designated to deliver cost-efficient installation time. Usually this light will be provided along with alarm
bell, to produce visual-audio system to alert the occupants during the fire. There are few choices available in the
market, but the most common colors that can be found are red and white. Voltages that usually involved in the
operation of this device are 12 or 24 volt. It provides light by giving 1 or 2 flashes per second, which creates greater
attention comparedtoconstantlighting.
4.3.2.4 FireAlarmBell

Fire alarm bell is the device that delivers high pressure sound pressure output that gives warning to occupants during
the fire. Most of the fire alarm bell makes sounds like a siren but alternating frequencies. It is available for 120 volt
(AC) or 24 volt (DC), which offered in variable sizes, such as 6,8, and 10 inches. Usually it is painted in red color so
that canbe noticedfrom far.
4.3.2.5 Fireman IntercomSystem
Fireman Intercom System provides a direct communication between master fire control room and remote handset
station. Master fire control room has the All remote handset have continuous supervision for any faulty with fast
check andmaintenance. Usuallyremote handset station located at the fire escape staircase. There is onlyone button
on the it which is easyfor all to understand the operation way. Fire control room onlyrequired for building with height
of morethan 25 metresor 18000metressquarein floorarea.
4.3.2.6 Manual CallPoint

Manual alarm call points are designed for the purpose of raising an alarm manually once verification of a fire or
emergencyconditionexists,by operatingthe pushbutton or breakglass the alarm signalcanberaised.
Fireman switch is a switch that disconnects the power supply of electrical equipments in case of fire to
preventoverheated equipmentfrom exploding.Itis usually located on the outside wall of premises.
4.3.3 Fire Fighting System
After the processof detectionandnotificationsystem,the actionshouldbetaken to stop the fire from spreadingor
growingintobiggerthreats for a buildingorneighbouringbuilding.Thereare2basic types of system that canbe
appliedto controlthefire, whicharewater-basedsystem and nonwater-basedsystem. Basicallywater-basedsystem
usedwater as the mainelementtoextinguishthe fire, whilenon-waterbasedsystem usedother contentto stop the

fire, suchas CarbonDioxide,Argonite etc. Tablebelowshowssomeexamplesofwater-basedandnon-waterbased
system
Water-based system Non water-based system
FireExtinguisher(Water) FireExtinguisher(Dry powder,CarbonDioxide)
ExternalFire Hydrant
Dry RiserSystem
HoseReel System
Water Sprinklersystem
Fire extinguishers are the most common equipment which is useful for initial outbreak of fire. It is portable and
convenient for user to prevent escalation of fire into full scale situation. There are various content types, which aimed
to different classes.

According to UBBL 1984Section244:
All fire fightinginstallationsandappliancesshallconformtothe currenteditionof the followingstandards:
C. Portable Extinguishers...BS CP 402Part 3: 1964
UBBL 1984Section 227:
Portableextinguishershallbeprovided inaccordancewiththerelevant codesof practiceandshallbesitedin
prominentpositionsonexit routesto bevisible from alldirectionsandsimilarextinguishersinabuildingshallbeof
the samemethodof operations.
MS1539: Specification forPortableFireExtinguishers
Part 1: Construction&TestMethodology
Part 3: Selection&Application - Codeof Practice
Part 4: MaintenanceofPortableFireExtinguishers
4.3.3.2 External FireHydrant

External fire hydrant provides water for firefighters to control a fire before it spreads and grows into a much vigorous
fire. The water supply will be pressurised when the water piping is connected to the main pipe from water company.
Usuallyfire hydrant has 2 or 3 outlets so that firefighters can use more than one hose at a time, which are 2-wayfire
hydrant and 3-wayfire hydrant.
C. Firehydrants… BS 750:1977andBS CP 402.101;1952
Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest
pointof fire brigadeaccess.
4.3.3.3 Dry RiserSystem

Dry riser are a form of internal hydrant for firefighter to use. This system is only required for buildings which the
topmost floor is higher than 18.3 metres and less than 30.5 metres above the fire appliance access level. Wet riser
system has the same function as dry riser system, but it is always dry and depends on the fire engine to pump the
water into the system.
1. Dryrising systems shall be provided in everybuilding in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3metres
but less than 30.5metresabove fire applianceaccesslevel.
2. A hose connectionshallbeprovidedineachfire fightingaccesslobby.
3. Dry risers shall be of minimum Class C pipes with fittings and connections of sufficient strength to
withstand21 bars waterpressure.
4. Dry risers shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure for 2 hours in the
presenceofthe FireAuthority before acceptance.
5. All horizontalruns of the dry risingsystems shallbe pitchedatthe rate of 6.35 mm in3.05 metres.
6. The dry riser shall be not less than 102mm in diameter in buildings in which the highest outlet is 22.875
metres or less above the fire brigade pumping inlets and not less than 152.4mm diameter where the
highestoutlet is higherthan 22.875 metresabove the pumpinginlet.
7. 102mm diameters dryriser shall be equipped with a two-way pumping inlet and 152.4mm dryrisers shall
be equippedwithafour-way pumpinginlet.
D. Dry/Wet RisingMains…BS 3980:1966andBS 5306Part 1:1976 andBS 750: 1964

Landing valve should be provided as the water outlet which willconnected with a hose reel to control and fight the
fire.
4.3.3.4 HoseReel System
Fire hose reel systems consist of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels located strategically in a building,
ensuring proper coverage of water to combat a fire.The system is manually operated and activated by opening a
valve enabling the water to flow into the hose that is typically30 meters away. It should be located at strategic places
in building to provide reasonable accessible and controlled supply of water for fire extinguishing. Table below shows
the comparisonofmaterialsofhosereels:
Rubber jacket fire hose reel Comparison aspects Woven jacket fire hose reel
-Heavy
-Durable
Properties -Available in nylon andpolyester
-Nylon (strong and abrasion-
resistant)
-Polyester (durable and budget-
friendly)
-Yarn weave - Rubber canvas PVC
(flexibleandstiff and light)

According to UBBL 1984 Section 244:
1. All fire fighting installations and appliances shall conform to the current edition ofthe following
standards:
B. Hydraulic Hose Reels… BS 5306 Part 1: 1976
Water sprinkler system is a system that consisting of water supply system, which provided adequate pressure and
flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. The flame and heat from fire
will makes the thermal linkage in sprinkler head expand and burst, which eventually water supplied and hit the
deflectorto extinguishthefire. Tablebelowshowsthecomparisonof4 types of water sprinklersystem:
Pre-action Dry pipe Wet pipe Deluge
Filled with air and water is
allowed to pass through when
the smoke alarm or detector
goes off. It helps greatly that the
pre-action fire sprinkler can be
set to prevent water from
spouting in case of a false alarm
or a mechanical failure. The pre-
action system is good for use in
Similar to pre-action
systems, but ideal for
buildings with low
temperatures so the pipes
do not freeze.
Constantly have water
in them, which allows
for a quick reaction to a
fire. This system is cost
efficient and low
maintenance.
Has open nozzles that
can be used when a
hazard is present.
When flammable
liquids are spread
across a floor, deluge
fire sprinkles are good
to have.

places where the sprinklers are
only necessary when there is an
actual fire so other items in the
building do not get water
damage from an accidental
sprinkling.
1. All fire fightinginstallationsandappliancesshallconformtothe currenteditionof the followingstandards:
F. Automatic Sprinklers...FOCRules29thEdition:1973
1. Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic
sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to
extinguishfires inthe hazardous materialsstoredor handledorfor the safety of the occupants.
1. Sprinklers valves shall be provided in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be
readilyaccessibletothe FireAuthority.

2. All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and
automatic relayof the alarm whenactivitated
4.4 Passive Fire Protection System
PassiveFireProtection(PFP)
Passive Fire protection is part of integral elements of structural fire protection as well as fire safety in every particular
building which does not depend on anyoperating system of mechanism or anydegree of motion. However, PFP itself
shows the speed on spreading of fire from a space to another space where onlyeffective for 2 hours to allow dweller
to escape form fire menace bu using fire protection tolls that is provided for the building. Passive Fire Protection
system is provided on the load bearing capacity of the fire exposed structure in a specified fire compartment, safety
escape,fire separationwithinthebuildingstabilitythat needsto beconcerned.
Main PassiveFireProtection Methods
(1) Cavity Barriers – Prevent spreadof smoke andfire through wallsandfloors
(2) Instrumental Coating – Increase in temperature cause chemical reaction ( coating expand ) to protect steel work
by insulatingthesteel ( prevent structuralfailure)
(3) BoardingSystems – Encasingstructuralsteelworkin rigidand semi-rigidboards
(4) FireResistant Glass– Heat insulatingmaterialthathaltsthe spreadof fire andwindowblowsout
BuildingMaterials(Duration oftimein flame)
(1) Red brickwallandconcrete(externalwall): 4 hours
(2) Light brickwall(internalwall) – minimum1hour

(3) MineralFiberceiling –2hours
(4) Vinyl floor : 2hours
Purposegroup &compartment
134. Designationofpurpose groups.
For the purpose of this Part every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use as
falling within one of the purpose groups set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and, where a building is
divided into compartments, used or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each
compartmentshallbedeterminedseparately:
Provided that where the whole or part of a building or compartment, as the case may be, is used or intended to be
used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into
accountindeterminingintowhichpurposegroupitfalls.

The walls that areindicatedred arecompartment walls. Wallsthat are locatedat walkway/ corridorare proposedas
compartment walls as they help to prevent fire spread towards the corridor and other spaces.
According to UBBL :136.Provision ofcompartmentwallsandcompartmentfloors.
Any building, other than a single storey building, of a purpose group specified in the Fifth Schedule to these By-
lawsand whichhas–
(a) any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of that purpose group and
height; or
(b) a cubic capacitywhich exceeds that specified as so relevant shall be so divided into compartments, by means
of compartmentwallsorcompartmentfloorsorboth, that –
(i) no such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds the area specified as
relevant to that building;and
(ii) no such compartment has a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant to the
building:

Provided that if any building is provided with an automatic sprinkler installation which complies with the relevant
recommendations if the F.O.C Rules for Automatic Sprinkler Installation, 29th edition, this by-law has effect in
relationto that buildingasif the limitsof dimensionsspecifiedaredoubled.
Walls and floor
According to UBBL:136:Anybuilding,otherthanasinglestoreybuilding,ofapurposegroup specified in
theFifth Scheduleto theseBy-lawsand which has-
(a) Any storey the floor areaof whichexceedsthatspecifiedasrelevantto a buildingofthat purposegroupand
height:
(b) A cubic capacitywhichexceedsthatspecifiedassorelevant shallbeso divided into compartmentfloorsor
both, that-
i) Nosuchcompartmenthasanystorey the floor area of whichexceedstheareaspecifiedas
relevant to that building;and
ii) No suchcompartmenthascubic capacitywhichexceedstheareaspecifiedasrelevant to
that building:
Provided that if anybuildingisprovided withan automatic sprinklerinstallationwhichcomplieswiththerelevant
recommendationsoftheF.O.C Rulesfor Automatic SprinklerInstallation,29th edition, this by-law haseffect in
relationto that buildingasif the limitsof dimensionsspecifiedaredoubled.
138. Thefollowingwallsandfloorsinbuildingsshallbeconstructedascompartmentwallsorcompartmentfloors:
(a) Any floor in a buildingofPurposeGroupII (Institutional);
(b) Any wallor floor separatinga flat or maisonettefrom anyother part of the samebuilding;
(c)Any wall or floorseparatingpart of a buildingfrom anyother part of the samebuildingwhichisusedor intended
to be used mainlyfor a purposefallingwithina different purposegroupas set out in the Fifth Scheduletothese
By-laws; and

(d) Any floor immediatelyover a basementstorey has an areaexceeding100squaremeters.
162. Firerated doors
(1) Firedoors of the appropriateFRPshallbeprovided.
(2) Openingsincompartmentwallsandseparatingwallsshallbeprotectedby a fire doorhaving a FRP in
accordancewiththerequirementsforthat wallspecifiedintheNinth Scheduletothese By-laws.
(3) Openingsinprotectingstructuresshallbeprotectedbyfire doors having FRPof not lessthan half the
requirementforthe surroundingwallspecifiedintheNinthScheduletothese By-laws but in no caselessthan half
hour.
(4) Openingsinpartitionenclosingaprotectedcorridororlobbyshallprotectedbyfire doorshaving FRPof half-
hour.
(5) Firedoors includingframesshallbeconstructedtoaspecificationwhichcanbeshowntomeet the
requirementsforrelevant FRP whentested inaccordancewithsection3of BS 476:1951.
163:
Firedoors conformingtothe methodof constructionasstipulatedbelowshallbedeemedtomeetthe requirements
of the specifiedFRP:
a) Doorsand framesconstructedinaccordancewithoneofthe followingspecificationsshallbedeemedtosatisfy
the requirementsfordoorshaving FRP of half-hour:
(i) a singledoor900 millimetershighmaximumofdoubledoors1800millimetersx2100
millimetershighmaximumconstructedofsolidhardwoodcoreofnot less than37 millimeters
laminatedwithadhesivesconformingtoeitherBS.745“AnimalGlue”, or BS1204,“Synthetic
resinadhesives (phenolic andaminoplastic )for wood”Part I, “Gap-filling adhesives”,or BS
1444,“Cold-settingcaseingluefor wood”,facedboth sideswith plywoodto a total thicknessof
not less than 43millimeterswithalledgesfinishedwitha solidedgestrip full widthof the door.
Themeetingstilesofdoubledoorsshall be rabbeted12 millimetersdeepormaybe butted
provided the clearanceiskeptto a minimum;
(ii) doorsmaybe doubleswingprovidedthey are mountedonhydraulic floorspringsand
clearancesatfloor not exceeding4.7millimetersandframeandmeetingstilesnot exceeding3

millimeters;
(iii) a vision panelmaybe incorporatedprovideditdoes not exceed0.065squaremeterperleaf
with nodimensionmorethan1370millimetersanditis glazed within6 millimetersGeorgian
Wired Glassin Hardwoodstops;
(iv) doorsconstructedisaccordancewithBSNo. 459 : Part 3 : 1951FireCheckFlushDoorsand
Wood andMetalframes( Half –HourType):
(v) timberframesfor singleswinghalf-hourfire doorsof overall width of 60 millimetersincluding
25 millimetersrabbetanddepthto suit door thicknessplus34millimetersstop;
(vi) metalframesfor half hourfire doors shallbeof sheet steelnot lighterthan 18 gaugeof overall
width50 millimetersincluding18millimetersrabbetanddepthto suit the door thicknessplus53
millimetersstop;
(vii) timberor metalframesfor doubleswingdoorsshallbe as specifiedabovewith minimum
clearancebetweenframeanddoor;
(a) Door and framesconstructedinaccordancewithoneofthe followingspecificationsshallbedeemedtosatisfy the
requirementsfordoorhaving FRP of onehour:
(i) a singledoornot exceeding900millimeterswidex2100millimetershighordoubledoors
not exceeding1800millimetersx2100millimetershighconstructedasfor specification(a)for
half-hourbut incorporatingonbothfacesalayer of asbestos insulatingboardtoBS 3536(not
asbestos cement)notlessthan 3 millimetersthick;
(ii) doorsmayswing oneway onlyand doubledoorsshallhave 12 millimeterswiderabbetatthe
meetingstiles;
(iii) a vision panelmaybe incorporatedprovideditdoes not exceed10squaremetersperleaf
with nodimensionmorethan 300millimetersanditis glazed with 6 millimetersGeorgianWire
Glassin hardwoodstop;
(iv) doorsconstructedinaccordancewithBS459: Part 3 : 1951: FireCheckFlushDoorsand
Wood andMetalframes(OneHour Type);
(v) framesfor one hourdoorsshallbe as for half-hourdoorexceptthat timberframesshall

pressureimpregnatedwith15%go18% solutionof monoammoniumphosphateinwater.
164: (1) All the fire doorsshall befitted withautomatic doorclosersofhydraulicallyspringoperatedtype in the
caseof swingdoors andof wireropeand weighttype in the caseof slidingdoors.
(2) Doubledoorswith rabbetedmeetingstilesshallbeprovided with coordinatingdevicetoensurethat leafsclose
in the propersequence.
(3) Firedoors maybeheldopen providedthe holdopendevice incorporatesaheatactuateddeviceto releasethe
door. Heat actuateddevicesshallnotbe permittedonfire doors protectingopeningstoprotectedcorridorsor
protectedstaircases.
86. Party walls
(1) All party wallsshallgenerallybe of not less than 200mm totalthicknessofsolidmasonryor insituconcrete
whichmaybe madeupof two separateskinseachof not less than 100mm thicknessifconstructedatdifferent
times:
Provided that in multi-storeyedflats and terracehousesof reinforcedconcreteorof protectedsteelframed
constructionhavingfloorsandroofs constructedtothe requirementsofthese By-laws, the party wallthereof shall
not less than 100mm totalthickness.
(2) Party walls insinglestoreyed housesmaybe inload-bearing100mmsolidmasonryor insituconcreteprovided
the requirementsofPart V, VI andVII of these By-laws are compliedwith.
(3) All party wallsshallbe carriedabovethe uppersurfaceof the roof to a distanceof not lessthan 230mm atnight
anglesto suchuppersurface.
(4) Othernon-combustiblematerialsmaybeused for party wallsprovided the requirementsofPart V, VI andVII of
these By-laws are compliedwith.
Analysis:

As passive fire protectionisa planningmatterandmustbe consideredattheplanningstagein the buildingdesignin
orderto allocatefirerisk areaaway from the buildingspaces.An effective passive fire protectionshowsgood
planningandgooddesign.As preventionis better thancure,it is better to prevent fire from spreadingintothe
buildingthanhavingto put out the fire. Hence,materialchoiceareallfirerated to slowdownthe spreadingof fire.
Groundfloor plan, first floor planandsecond floorplanwith fire staircases markedred.
As shown in the plans above, those are the location of the fire staircases. The position of the stairs are the same
from Ground floor all the way up to the second floor. Fire staircase allows the users of the building to evacuate from
the building to assemblypoint during fire or any emergencyevent happen. The width of staircase maintains same all
over the way of staircase till the exit. The width of staircase (1200mm) suggests one user at a time. The height of
riser 170mm and the thread is 255mm. Handrail with a height of 900mm is used for safetypurpose of the users of the
staircase.

Smokecontrol
194. Buildingwithsinglestaircase.
A single staircase may be permitted in any building the top most floor of which does not exceed 12 metres in
height:
Provided that suchbuildingcomplieswiththefollowingcondition:
(a) eachelementofstructureshallhave a FRPof not lessthan one hour;
(b) noroom or storey of the buildingmaybeused for any occupancyotherthanfor domestic orofficepurposes,
exceptthat the groundstorey maybe usedfor the purposeof a shop or carpark :
Provided that-
(i) the staircasefrom the groundto first floor level shallbe separatedfrom the remainderofthe
groundfloor by a wallhaving a FRPof not less than two hours;
(ii) the wallenclosingthestaircaseatthe mainentrancebereturnedfor a distanceof not less than
450mm alongthefrontageof any shopor car park;
(iii) the maximum traveldistanceshallbe12m measuredfrom thedoorof the room orarea to the exit
provided the pathof travel from any pointin the room to the room doordoes not exceed12meters.
(iv) In groundandfirst storeys whichhave windowscontainingopeninglightssufficientlynearthe
adjacentgroundlevelas to makeemergencyescapebythis meansreasonableamaximumtravel
distanceupto 30 metersis permissible.
195. Staircasesto reachrooflevel.
In buildingsexceeding30metresinheightall staircasesintendedtobe usedas meansof egressshall becarried
to the roof level to give accessthereto.

Protected areas:Protection ofstairsand lobbies
UBBL:
196. (1) Accessto a staircasesmokelobbyshallbe by meansof fire doorsopeninginthe directionofescape.
(2) Thewidthof the smokelobbyshallat no point beless than the requiredexitwidth.
(3) Smokelobbiesshallbeprovided at the basementlevelswhere anescapestaircaseservingan upperstorey is
extendedto a basement.
(4) Where practicalsmokelobbiesandfirefightingaccesslobbiesshallhavepermanentopeningsoropenable
windowsof not less than1 square metregiving directaccesstothe openairfrom an externalwallor internallight
well.
(5) Where naturalventilation is impracticalsmokelobbiesandfirefightingaccesslobbiesmaybebeventilated by
meansof a verticalshaft or mechanicallypressurised.
197. (1) Protectedlobbiesshallbeprovidedto serve staircasesinbuildingsexceeding18metresaboveground
level wherethe staircaseenclosuresarenotventilated throughexternalwalls.
(2) In buildingsexceeding45metresabovegroundlevel, suchprotectedlobbiesshallbepressurisedtomeetthe
requirementsofSection7of the Australian Standard1668,Part I – 1974or anyother system meetingthe
functionalrequirementsofthe D.G.F.S.
(3) Protectedlobbiesmaybe omittedif the staircaseenclosuresarepressurisedtomeetthe requirementsofby-
law200.

Ventilation ofstairs
198. (1) All staircaseenclosuresshallbeventilatedat eachflooror landinglevelby either permanentopeningsor
openablewindowstothe openair havinga free areaof not less than 1 squaremetreper floor.
(2) Openablewindowsshallmeettheoperationalrequirementsofthe D.G.F.S.
(3) In buildingsnotexceedingthreestoreys above groundlevel, staircaseenclosuresmaybeunventilated
provided that accesstothem at alllevels exceptthe top floor is throughventilated lobbies.
199. In buildingsnotexceeding18metresabovegroundlevel, staircaseenclosuresmaybeunventilated provided
that accessto them at alllevels exceptthetop flooris throughventilated lobbiesandthe staircaseenclosuresare
permanentlyventilatedat the top with at least 5% of the areaof the enclosures.
200. Forstaircasesinbuildingexceeding18metresabovegroundlevel that arenot ventilatedin accordancewith
by-law 198, two alternative methodsof preventingthe infiltrationof smokeintothe staircaseenclosuresmaybe
permittedby providing –
(a) permanentventilationat the top of the staircaseenclosureofnot less than5% of the areaof the enclosureand
in additionat suitableintervals inthe heightof the staircaseamechanicallyventilatedshaft to achievenot less
than 20air changesperhourto beautomaticallyactivatedbya signalfrom the fire alarm panel;or
(b) mechanicalpressurisationofthe staircaseenclosuretothestandard of performanceasspecifiedinsection7of
the Australian Standard 1668, Part I-1974or any other system meetingthe functionalrequirementsof the D.G.F.S.
201. All staircaseenclosuresbelowgroundlevelshallbeprovided withsuitablemeansof preventingthe ingressof
smoke.

The yellowareais the assemblypoint, the red
arrows indicatepathways to the assemblypoint from the fire staircases.
As shown above ( groundfloor plan) , the assemblypointis locatedat an openspacerightoutsidethe hospital.
Eachstaircaseisprovided with morethanone routeto reachtheassemblypoint just in casesomeroutesare
blocked.Theassemblypointis normallyclassifiedwithdifferentclassaccordingtothe capacityof users, for a day
carecenterfor the elderly, it is classifiedasClassC becauseithas less than100 to 300 usersin this building,
AssemblyPoint

AccordingtoUBBL:
178. In buildingsclassifiedasinstitutionalorplacesofassembly, exits to a street or largeopenspace,together
with staircases,corridorsand passagesleadingtosuchexitsshall belocated,separatedor protectedasto avoid
any unduedangerto the occupantsofthe placeof assemblyfrom fire originatingintheother occupancyorsmoke
therefrom.
179: Eachplaceofassemblyshallbeclassified accordingtoits capacityas follows:
ClassA-Capacity- 1000personsor more
ClassB- Capacity-300to 1000persons
ClassC- Capacity- 100to 300 persons
180: Theoccupancyloadpermittedinany placeofassemblyshall bedeterminedbydividingthe net floor areaor
spaceassignedtouse by the squaremetreper occupantasfollows:
(a) Assembly areaof concentratedusewithoutfixedseats suchas an auditorium,placesofworship,dancefloorand
lodgeroom-0.65squareper person:
(b) Assemblyarea of less concentratedusesuchasaconferenceroom,diningroom,drinkingestablishment, exhibit
room,gymnasium,orlounge – 1.35 squaremetreper person;
(c) Standingroom or waitingspace –3 square metresperperson :
(d) Theoccupancyloadof an areahaving fixed seats shallbe determinedbythe numberoffixed seats installed.
Requiredaislespaceservingthe fixed seats shallnot be usedto increasetheoccupantsload.
188. Exits in any placeofassemblyshallbe arrangedthat the travel distancefrom anypoint to reachanexit shall
not exceed45metresfor unsprinkledbuildingsand60metresfor sprinkledbuildings.
Travel Distance
AccordingtoUBBL :
165. (1) Thetravel distancetoan exit shallbe measuredonthe flooror other walking surfacealongthecentreline

of the natural pathof travel, starting 0.300metrefrom the mostremotepointof occupancy,curvingaroundany
cornersor obstructionswith0.300metreclearancethereform andendingatthe storey exit. Wheremeasurement
includesstairs,it shallbe taken in the placeofthe trend noising.
(2) In the caseof openareasthe distanceto exits shallbe measuredfrom themost remotepointof occupancy
provided that the directdistanceshallnotexceedtwo-third the permittedtravel distance.
(3) In the caseof individualroomswhicharesubjecttooccupancyof not morethan six persons,travel distance
shallbe measuredfrom thedoors of suchrooms:providedthat the travel distancefrom anypointin the room to
the room doordoes not exceed15metres.
(4) Themaximum traveldistancestoexits anddead endlimitsshallbe as specifiedintheSeventh Scheduleof
these By-laws.
166. (1) Exceptas permittedby by-law 167not less than two separateexits shallbe providedfrom eachstorey
together withsuchadditionalexitsas maybe necessary.
(2) Theexitsshallbe so sited withinthe limitsof travel distanceasspecifiedinthe Seventh Scheduletothese By-
lawsand are readilyaccessibleatalltimes.
168: (1) Exceptas provide for in by-laws 194every upperfloor shallhave meansof egressvia at least two
separatestaircases.
(2) Staircaseshallbeof suchwidththat in the event of any one staircasenotavailablefor escapepurposethe
remainingstaircaseshall accommodatethehighestoccupancyloadof any onefloor dischargingintoitcalculated
in accordancewithprovisionsinthe Seventh Scheduletothese By-laws.
(3) Therequiredwidthofa staircaseshallbe clearwidthbetweenwallsbut handrailsmaybe permittedto
encroach onthiswidthto a maximumof75millimetres.
(4) Therequiredwidthofa staircaseshallbe maintainedthroughoutitslengthincludingatlandings.
(5) Doorsgiving accesstostaircaseshallbe so positionedthattheir swingshallat no pointencroachon the
requiredwidthof the staircaseor landing.
174: (1) Where two or morestorey exits arerequiredthey shallbe spacedatnot less than 5 metresapart
measuredbetweenthenearestedgesof the openings.
(2) Eachexits shallgive directaccessto –

(a) a final exit :
(b) a protectedstaircaseleadingtoa finalexit; or
(c)an externalroute leasingto a finalexit.
(3) Basementsandroof structuresused solelyfor services neednot be providedwith alternatives meansof
egress.
Analysis
Escaperoutes aremeantto leadto a safety placewithoutrelyingon others. It is to makeit possiblefor users of the
buildingtoreacha spot of safety. Safe assumptioncanbemadesuchasthereis onlyonesourceof fire; hence
alternateroutes needto provided. Nevertheless, passive fire protectionneedput in considerationofthe buildingform,
the functionof the building,thepotentialfire risk areas.
Groundfloorplanwith area indicatedgreenasthe reservedspace for vehicularaccess ( turntable ladders / hydraulic
platform )

The orange area is the fire risk area, whereas the green areas indicated are the potential spots to have the most
users within the three floors. As shown in the ground floor plan, the fire risk area should be distanced away from the
area with the most users. It should be located further away from game room and office area which mostly consist of
elderlyandstaffs.
As proposed, the cafe is suggested to be moved further away from the spaces that
will occupy more of elderly and staffs. Hence, the best spot is to switch the cafe with
the=courtyardas it will becloser to the openarea at the front.

Fifth Schedule
Fire appliance access
140. All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic meters shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not
less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the building
abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale :
Volume ofbuilding in cubic meter Minimum proportions ofperimeter ofbuilding
7000 to 28000 one-sixth
28000 to 56000 one – fourth
56000 to 84000 one –half
84000 to 112000 three-fourths
112000 and above island site
Access for fire appliance vehicle is located at the each side of the building. According to UBBL, the
access roadway should be positioned with its nearest edge a maximum of 2 metres from the face of the
building and its furthest edge a minimum of 7.5 meters from the building. This will enable the appliances
to operate atits optimum height.
Analysis
To separate the fire risk area from the building effectively, fire rated doors, walls and floors areconstructed according
to UBBL. With this, spaceswithinthe buildingwillbedividedinto smallercompartment,to:
-Limitsthe spreadof fire
-Restrictthe movementof smoke

-Optimizeevacuationroutesduringfire
EmergencyExitSigns
The Exit Emergency signage of ‘KELUAR’ means ‘EXIT’ in Malaysia to direct people a shortest route to a place of
safety within a building which lead to the outside of the building at the assemblypoint and it is an effective guidance
tool. Most relevant codes ( fire, building, health or safety) requires exit signs to be permanentlylit. Also, exit signs are
designedto bevery clearandunderstandableforpeopleto see.
AccordingtoUBBL :
172. (1) storeyexits and access to such exits shall be marked byreadilyvisible signs and shall not be obscured by
any decorations,furnishingsorotherequipment.
(2) a sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the
directionoftravel to reachthe nearestexit is not immediately
(3) every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimeters high with
the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimeters wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black
background.
(4) allexit signshallbe illuminatedcontinuouslyduringperiodofoccupancy

(5) illuminatedsignsshallbeprovidedwithtwo electric lampsofnot less thanfifteen watts each.
AccordingtoMS 1184
12. Handrails Pathways, corridors, ramps and staircases, which may be accessed by wheelchair users and/or
ambulantdisabledpersons,requirehandrails:
12.1 Fixed not less than 840 mm nor more than 900 mm from finished floor level, extended in the case of ramp or
stairwayby 300mm asshown below.
(a) Handrailonpathways or internalramp
(b) Handrailonstairway
12.2 The grip should not be less than 40 mm diameter nor more than 60 mm wide and it should provide a secure
non-slipgripas shownbelow
12.3 Fixed securely with its ends turned away or turned downwards for not less than 100 mm.
12.4 So fixed that there is no obstruction to the passage ofthe hand along the grip.

12.5 Fixed notless than 50 mm and not more than 100 mm from any adjacentwall.
12.6 Continued unbroken, if practicable, throughout each flight of stairs or along each pathway or internal
ramp and around landing and rest areas.
12.7 Which should preferably contrastin colour to their supporting walls.
12.8 Which if located at staircases and ramps should be capable of carrying a minimum load of 100 kg
and available on both sides.
The blue area indicates where the OKU / disabled toilets are proposed to be placed at. It occupies a larger space
compared to the usual toilets as to ensure easy access for the disabled elderly. As the initial space for OKU toilet on
both groundfloorand first floor are too big, the dimensionshavebeenadjustedto 1550mm x 1800mm.
AccordingtoMS 1184
17. Water closets

17.1 Water closetsfor wheelchairusersshouldcomplywiththe following:
a) In every public buildingrequiredunder16.1to beprovided for water closetsfor use by wheelchairusers,the
water closetsshouldbeaccompaniedbyan unobstructedareahavingdimensionsnotlessthan those shown
BELOW, but the layout of the water closetandunobstructedareamaybereversed inplan(mirror image).
b) Thewaterclosetsshouldbe providedeither:
i) as a combinedwaterclosetandwashroom asshownbelowi); or ii) as waterclosetsfor useby menor women.
In this caseseparatewashingfacilitiesareto be providedtogether with the waterclosetsas shownbelow
ii), wherethe washbasinisto be locatedwithintheunobstructedareaor commonfacilitiesoutsidethewater
closets.
Generalrequirementforwatercloset
i). Combined water closet and washroom

ii). Separatewater closetsfor wheelchairuser
c) Where two or more water closets are provided for wheelchairs in the same public building, at least one
suchclosetandaccompanyingunobstructedareashouldbereversedin plan(mirrorimage)tothe other closet.
d) Every door to a room containing a water closet for wheelchair users should: i) be provided with a lever-action
type indicator bolt so design that the door can be opened at any time from the outside, and ii) if a hinged door,
open away from the water closets and be hinged on the side furthest from the closet and located in the position
shownin Figure15i) or Figure15ii).
e) Every room containingawaterclosetfor wheelchairusersshouldhavegrabrails as Clause13.
f) The flushingcontrol for the water closet should be located not more than 1000 mm above the finished floor level
andbe activated by a downwardoperatinglever,push buttonor anyother convenientsystem.
g) A tap with a flexible hose or other cleaning device which can be used for personal cleansing, and a toilet paper
holder,shouldbe providedwith eachwaterclosetwithineasy reachof the usersas showninFigure15 iii).
h) The design of the water closets pan should allow a wheelchair with its footrest raised to approach from the front
untilthe wheelchairseattouchestheclosetbowl.
i) It should also be possible for a wheelchair to back alongside the water closet on its unobstructed side until the

two seats are in line.
j) The water closets should be accessible bydisabled persons from a main entrance, lift or other circulation space
whichisin accordancewithClauses6,10 or 14.
17.2 Water closetsfor ambulantdisabledonlyshouldcomplywiththe following:
a) Except for the width of the unobstructed area, the requirements for a water closet for wheelchair users in
accordancewith17.1b)ii)shouldapplyto water closetsfor ambulantdisabled.
b) Theconfigurationofa water closetshouldbein accordancewithFigure15iv) and the notesthereto.
c) Grab rails should be located on each side of the water closet and should also be of the configuration shown in
Figure15iv).
4.5 Proposed System
4.5.1 FireDetection System
Regarding to the proposed old folks’ home, fire detection system is essential because of the nature and behavior of
elderly people, which they are not capable to fight or control the fire on themselves. Therefore, fire detection system

which runs automatically is crucial in helping them to notice the incident of fire. In this case, we proposed to use
smokedetectorand heat detector.Thereasonandjustificationmadeasbelow.
4.5.1.1 Smokedetector
Photoelectric smoke detector is the better choicecompared to ionization smoke detector, because of its properties. It
is quick respond to smoldering fire (early stage fire) and lesser false alarm than ionization smoke detector.
Meanwhile, wechose this while it aligns with our design, which is nature-friendlydesign, so we have to reject the use
of ionization smokealarm.
Typical dimension
Smokedetectionisavoided inthe followingareasto avoid unwantedalarms:
● -Showers
● -Bathrooms
● -Externalareas as the water vapour maycauseunwantedalarms
● -Kitchens

● -Garages
Voltage 9-33volt DC
Casing White plastic casing
Power consumption 25mAat 24V; 62mAin caseof alarm
Locationandspacingofthe smokedetectorsreferredto the picturebelow:
Locationofsmokedetectorin proposedbuilding:

4.5.1.2 Heat detector
To strengthen and enhance the detection system, a few of heat detector is added in the spaces which is not suitable
for smokedetector,suchas kitchenandM&E room.
Typical dimension:

Locationandspacingofthe heatdetectorsreferred to the picturebelow:
Voltage 9-33volt DC
Power consumption 25mAat 24V ; 62mAin caseof alarm
Casing White plastic casing
4.5.2 FireAlarmSystem
4.5.2.1 FireAlarm Control Panel

In the proposed building, addressable fire alarm is suggested to be integrated, compared to conventional fire alarm
system. One of the main reason that we chose this particular system is because it is connecting all the devices by
using loop system, which ismore reliable. In case of failure on one device’s end, it does not affect the performance of
the system. In anotherway, it is muchmoresafeto be.
Thecontrol panel acts as the core of the whole system, which is veryimportant in receiving and delivering signals for
fire fighting. Illustrationbelowshowsthe locationofeachdevicesin the proposedbuilding:
4.5.2.2 FireEmergencyLight
Self-contained type power-supplied fire emergencylight is chosen to be used in the proposed building. Basically, it is
nothing much different with central battery source power-supplied fire emergency light, but it is preferable due to its
installation and material cost. The placement and spacing of fire emergencylight is according to the height of ceiling
as wellas the voltage of the emergencylight.

Typicaltechnicaldata:
Power supply 220- 240volt AC
Batteries Nickel-Cadmium 3.6volt
Dimension 330mm X105mm X80mm
Normal charging time Sameor morethan24 hours
Emergency time Sameor morethan3 hours
Installation Wall or ceilingmounted
4.5.2.3 FireAlarmStrobeand AlarmBell
Fire alarm strobe and alarm bell are both important in giving emergencyfire signal via audio-visual effect. In the case
of old folks’ home, it is very crucial since the elderly sense not sensitive as we think, therefore, the placement and
spacingofthe devicesare the key point to alert them.
Thelocationoffirealarm strobe varies dependsonthe obstaclesof visual access,suchasa solidconcretewall.
Theamountofstrobes is affectedby the lengthof corridorasshownbelow:

Additional strobes placed not more than 30 metres apart. Strobe must be located no more than 4.6 metres from end
of corridor.
Wall-mounted strobe (visible signal devices) shall be installed such that the entire lens is not less than 2 metres and
not morethan 2.4 metresabove the finishedfloor.
The significant function of alarm bell is to giving emergencymessage to building occupants by ringing.The fire alarm
bell used is about 15cm diameter. It is mounted on the concrete wall, with a height of 2 metres. Usuallyit is painted in
red colorandplacedwithnoblockagethatmightreducetheefficiencyof the device.

Technicaldata:
Material Aluminium
Coating Epoxy powderred

Sound output Up to 100dBat 1m
4.5.2.4 Manual CallPoint
Manual call point is located whereasmaximum of 25metres for disabled or elderlyperson to approach. The device is
placed1.2metresabove the finishedfloor level, whichiseasy accessibleformajorityof users.
4.5.2.5 Fireman switch
Fireman switch usually located at the fire escape staircase, or even building outside wall. The fireman switch should
not placedabove2.75m from the finishedfloor level.
4.5.3 Fire Fighting System
After receiving the detection and notification, the building occupants are expected to take action to extinguish or
controlthe fire (if it is duringearly stage)or evacuate to get helpfrom FireAuthority.

4.5.3.1 FireExtinguishers
ABC Powder fire extinguisher
Carbon Dioxide fire extinguisher
Generally, dry powder fire extinguisher (for ABC class and electrical equipments) is the most common one among all
the types of fire extinguishers, even it does not helps at all on controlling the fire which caused by cooking oils.
Therefore,CarbonDioxidefireextinguisherisrequiredinthe spacessuchaskitchen.
Dry powder fire extinguishers that can be found in proposed building are in 6kg capacity, rather than 9kg which is
heavier for elderlyor the buildingoccupants.

Technicaldata:
Cartridge Carbondioxidecartridge
Fire rating 34A, 233B
Operating pressure 14 bar
Height 490mm
Full weight 10.5 kg
Discharge time 17 - 21 seconds
Range of throw 5 - 6 metres
Material Body (Coldrolled steel), Squeeze grip(Brass)
Thefireextinguishersarekept in the box, whichispartiallyrecessedintothe wall,for the easeof elderlycirculation.

4.5.3.2 External FireHydrant

By investigating the surrounding neighbourhood, we noticed that there is only one existing fire hydrant along the
road. Therefore, we proposed one external fire hydrant to be placed where about 6500mm away from our proposed
building. According to the provisions, the spacing between two external fire hydrants shall not be more than 90
metres apart. Our proposed external fire hydrant is about 60 metres away from the existing external fire hydrant,
which is approved.The proposed external fire hydrant is located 6.5 metres from the building (bylaw not less than 6
metres from the building). 2 way external fire hydrant is chosen because the buildings around the area is not high
rises andthe water demandunder750gpm or2839lpm.
Sectionalelevationof anexternal fire hydrant pipeworkanddistanceto proposedbuilding:
4.5.3.3 HoseReel System

Since the building is not fulfilling the requirement of dry riser (topmost floor is higher than 18.3 metres) or wet riser
(topmost floor higher than 30.5 metres) installation system, the hose reel system which directly connected to water
tank is beingintroduced.
Typicalhosereelsystem arrangement:
Legends:
1. Water Tank
2. Vent Pipe c/wMosquitoNet
3. AccessOpening
4. Level Indicator
5. ExternalCat Ladder
6. Overflow Pipe
7. WarningPipe
8. Standby Pump
9. Eccentric Reducer
10. ExpansionJoint
11. Y- Strainer
12. GateValve
13. Concentric Reducer
14. CheckValve
15. Duty Pump
16. PumpStart TestPipe
17. PumpStarter Panel
18. Hose Reel c/w Hoses,
Nozzles & Accessories
19. Air Release Valve c/w Ball
Valve
20. Stop Valve
Schematic diagramsofhosereel systems pipeworks(combinedwith watersprinklersystem):

4.5.3.4 Water SprinklerSystem
Water sprinkler system is useful when applied in elderlyhome, especiallywhen some elderlies are not able to involve
in fire fighting action. Water sprinkler only distributes at the spaces which is required, except washrooms. As the

elderlyhome’s riskconsidered as extra light hazard, the spacing between water sprinkler is 4.6 metres.The radius of
water sprinklerspreadingdependsontheheightof the watersprinklerplaced.
Water sprinklerlayout:
Schematic diagramofwatersprinklerdistributionsystems (combinedwithhosereelsystems):

5.0 Mechanical Ventilation System

5.1 Introduction
Mechanical system is an essential system in buildings and anysmall enclosed space to remove stale air and replace
it with fresh air. The process cycle actually works by allowing outer natural air to be pull inside the building with the
helpof mechanical components.
It acts like a natural ventilation process but with incorporate using specific type of mechanical components where
systems used an electrically driven fan or fans to provide the necessary air movement. Ensuring the airflow is
constainly under certain air pressure and can be forces through the filters to create a better ventilation within the
building,whichalsotoimproveair circulationinsidethebuilding.
The type of mechanical ventilation used depends onclimate. For example, in warm and humid climates like Malaysia,
infiltration may need to be minimized or prevented to reduce interstitial condensation (which occurs when warm,
moistair from insidea buildingpenetratesawall, roof or floorand meetsa coldsurface).
In these cases, mechanical ventilation is often required to ventilate the spaces. Whereas there are three types of
mechanical ventilation system which commonly being applied in Malaysia are Combination system, Extract system
andCombinationsystem.
The objective of this project is to propose specific mechanical ventilationcomponents into the space that required in
our elderly center final studio project. Throughout the research, Uniform Building By Law(UBBL) will be used to
ensure the rules and standards will guide us to check if the building opening dimensions, ductwork dimension , and
installationof componentsmeetthebuildingspacerequirementsandregulations.

Mechanical ventilation is necessaryin buildings to remove ‘stale’ air and replaced it with fresh air, due to the fact that
number of occupants will affect the comfort level in an specific space. Therefore, natural ventilation is not suitable
and effective enough to provide air exchange. Thus,ventilation system is highlyconcerned to reach the comfort level
of eachoccupantsinspecific spaces.
While the most basic function of mechanical ventilation system is to remove smoke and odors, which commonly
found in bathrooms and kitchen. While larger internal spaces like library, cafe, game room, service room, office,
gym, shower, staff accommodation ,pantry, karoake room, theatre will be conceal above the ceiling from being seen.
Spot ventilation is widely used in Malaysia. Spot ventilation system consist of supply system, extract system and
combination system. While for combination system, it consists of both supplyand extract system that works together
throughslight airpressurization usingextractfan smallerthaninlet fan.
Without mechanical ventilation to provide fresh air, moisture, odours and other pollutants can build up inside the
building. Therefore, mechanical system circulates fresh air using ducts and fans rather than relying on airflow
throughsmallholesor crack’sinahome’swall,roof or windows.
The three types of mechanical ventilation system which commonly being applied in Malaysia are extract system,
supplysystem andcombinationsystem.
5.2.1 Extract system
Natural inlet and mechanical outlet.The exhaust system consists of fans, it functions to extract the less dense,hot
air inside the room andcause a negative pressure in the space whichcause the outlet air pressure to be higher than
the inside. Allowing the freshen air to enter to the interior spaces. Mechanical extract fans installed in windows, roofs

and ducted system where the air is to be discharged awayfrom the occupied space removing heats, fumes, smoke,
water vapour andodour. Thissystem is widelyused in toiletand bathroom.
5.2.2 Supplysystem
Mechanical inlet and natural extract. Supply ventilation systems work by pressurizing the building.Theyuse a fan
to force outside air into the building while air leaks out of the building through holes in the shell, bath- and range-fan
ducts,and intentionalvents.
5.2.3 Combination system
Mechanical inlet and mechanical outlet. Balanced ventilation systems, if properly designed and installed, neither
pressurize nor depressurize a house. Rather, they introduce and exhaust approximately equal quantities of fresh
outside air and inside air constainly moving in and out. It facilitates good distribution of fresh air by placing supply
andexhaust vents in appropriateplaces.

5.3 SpecificSystemselected (EXTRACT SYSTEM )
Extract system is the most suitable ventilation system towards our elderly centre. The reason is due to air condition
is widely use in many spaces. Thus, only extract system is appropriate to suck out hot air and odour. Yet, extract
system is also needed if the air condition is not working, therefore extract system is used to remove air from the
inside and allow fresh air to move inwards to the space. According to Third Schedule Of UBBL about mechanical
ventilation, Windows and openings allowing uninterrupted air passage is not necessaryif the rooms is equipped with
mechanical ventilation or air conditions. In case of air-conditioning failure there should be alternative ways to
introducedfreshairinto the room withinhalf an hour.
Benefits, in order to moderate internal temperatures, replenishing oxygen, reducing the accumulation of moisture,
odours, bacteria, dust, carbon dioxide, smoke and other contaminants that can build up during occupied periods, and
creatingairmovementwhichimprovesthecomfortof occupants.
5.4 Types of fan
5.4.1 Exhaustfan (Propellerfan)
Exhaust ventilationsystem components:
After taking a bath or a shower, moisture will inevitably accumulate on the surface of your bathroom tiles and
mirrors. Installing an exhaust fan in your bathroom will ensure that the moisture resulting from washing will be easily

eliminated. Removing stale air after using toilet. Moreover, bathroom exhaust fans are usually smaller and more
affordablethan anyother kind of exhaustfan onthe market.
These are a common addition in many kitchens, since they are very useful to have them installed over the stove.
Kitchen exhaust fans are an excellent way of removing the unavoidable smells which are inherent in any kitchen.
Theyare alsoperfectlysuited to lessenthe moisturelevel of your kitchen.
System are used in the service room to cool down the air temperature. The temperature in services room are mostly
higher due to the machines that produces a lot of heat from the inside. Therefore, propeller fan is needed to expel
the hot air from the services room, which enable to maintain the temperature of the rooms to ensure the machines
can works well and does not spoil easily or cause fire due to the temperature of the room without any ventilation
system.
5.4.2 Exhausthood
A device containing a mechanical fan that
hangs above the cooktop which draw up the heat air out from the kitchen. A large area of hood acts like a vacuum
suck up the air through the duct and channel out odour into the air. It turn on and off manually adjust which only
used when someone is cooking. Keeping the cooking area safe by extracting rising gases, grease and hot air. And
alsoreducebuildupofunsightlyresidueandprovide ventilation whilecooking.
5.4.3 Centrifugal fan

Functions as exhaust and directional fan. Ducts arechannel to each individual spaces, and it draws out the heat and
odour air where centrifugal fan located at the end of the channel. It is powerful that could increase the speed of air
stream with the rotatingimpellers. Givinga constantrecyclingofair to reachhumancomfortthroughoutthespaces.
5.4.4 Ductwork
1) Rigid AirDucts
Sheet metal ducts: Galvanized steel and aluminum are the most common materials for sheet metal ducts.
Aluminum in particular is relatively light and easy to install. They are also the least likely to harbor dangerous molds
or growths becausetheyhave non-poroussurfaces.
Fiberglass lined ducts:These are sheet metal ducts that have internal or external fiberglass lining.This type of duct
is common in office and commercial buildings, as it dampens the sound However, the fiberglass in these ducts can
deteriorate and eventually release fiberglass particles into the air – this is a major health concern, especially with
long-term exposure. Fiberglass lined ducts are also difficult to clean for this same reason: the cleaning process can
damagetheliningandreleasefibers. Theseductscanalsobecomecontaminatedwithmoldsandbacteria.
Fiberboard ducts: Fiberboard is made from fiberglass strands that have been compressed and bonded with a resin,
andthen coveredwith a sheet of foil laminatetoprotectthem from
moisture.This type of duct is good for cooling and heating systems because it is well insulated byitself. However, it’s
not recommended for ventilation because, like fiberglass-lined ducts, they can become a breeding ground for mold
andmildewinhumidclimates.Also, becausethesurfaceis rough,they canalsoaffect airflowand efficiency.

PVC Duct:Resistant to microbaterialandcheap.Lessnoisybut doesnt standvery high andlowtemperatures
2) Flexible
Flexible ducts are typically tube-shaped, made of a wire coil covered with a bendable, durable plastic.The
advantages of flexible ducts are that they are fairly quick and easy to install, and often cost less than rigid ductwork
andoften resistantto microbaterial.
Choosenairductfor toilet: Flexibleairductfor its cost andresistancetowardsmicrobaterial.
Choosenairductfor building:
● PVC becauseitscheap andbecausemainlyextractdoesnt dealwith highandlow temperatures.
● PVC FlexibleAir Duct
● Noninsulatedbecausedoesntdealwithhot and coldair
● Steel Wire reinforced
Requirementsfortoilet:
● Themechanicalventilationrateis at least 3 air changes perhour.
● Exhaust air from bathrooms and toilet rooms shall not discharge into an attic, crawl space or other areas
insidethe building.
Typeofairventfilter:
Activated charcoal: Also known as carbonmedia filters,these are replaceable cartridges panels that have a foam or
fabric medium filled with granulated carbon activated charcoal.The carbon absorbs numerous odors and heavy
gases.
HEPA: This filter has pleated arrangement of blankets and mats whose have tiny pores that can remove very small
particulates.Able to removed fine particles including some bacteria and otherchemical environments.Used mainlyfor
hospitalsandclinics.
Viscous Impringement: This is fairly coarse and durable filter that is periodically covered all or grease.VG for
removingpollens,dusts,ashesandmists.

Chosenair vent filter for toilet :
Activated charcoal:duetoits natureof filtering odorsthat is the needfunctionfor toiletventilation
Chosenair vent filter for building:
HEPA: dueto its natureof removingdust andallergens
Requirements:
● Themechanicalventilationrateis at least 3 air changesperhour.
● Exhaust air from bathrooms and toilet rooms shall not discharge into an attic, crawl space or other areas
insidethe building.
Calculationsforductwork:
Toilet1
Thevolumeof the toilet:
5.1 x 2.8 x 3.5 = 49.98 m3
Theventilationrate inm3/h is:
Ventilation Rate(m3/h) = Room volume(m3) x airchangerate(ac/h)
50 x 3
= 150

= 150/3600
= 0.042m3/s
Appropriate maximumvelocity= 4m/s
Thereforeductarea=0.042/4 = 0.0105m2
Squareduct= (0.0105)0.5= 0.102m
Neareststandard size=100mm
Toilet2
4.7 x 6.6 x 3.5 = 108.57m3
Ventilation Rate(m3/h) = Room volume(m3) x airchangerate (ac/h)
109 x 3
= 327
= 327/3600

= 0.0908m3/s
Squareduct= (0.0227)0.5= 0.150m
Toilet3
6.3 x 2.9 x 3.5 = 65.945m3
64 x 3
= 192
= 192/3600

= 0.053m3/s
Squareduct= (0.01325)0.5= 0.115m
Toilet4
3.9 x 5.2 x 3.5 = 70.98m3
71x 3
= 213
= 213/3600

= 0.0592m3/s
Squareduct= (0.0148)0.5= 0.122m
5. 5 Proposed System
GROUNDFLOORCEILINGPLAN

FIRST FLOORCEILING PLAN

6.0 Air-Conditioning System

6.0 AirConditioning System
6.1 Introduction
It is an essential investment today to select the suitable air conditioner for your home especially in a hot and humid
climate we have in Malaysia. Air conditioning system served its purpose to provide and maintain a programmed
internal environment despite of external conditions, a process of which it removes heat from a confined space. A
good air-conditioner is efficient and it provides a steady, dependable performance year after year under the condition
that it is properlymaintained.
The equipment of air conditioning system includes facilities to control temperature, humidity, air cleanliness, air
movement and heat radiation. In Malaysia, tropical rainforest climate which is generally sunny throughout the year
and have high precipitation rate every month. Hence, the thermal comfort in a building is having a filtered supplied
air, with a temperature range of 20 to 28 degree Celsius and relative humidity of 55-70% to stay comfortable indoor.
In this hot and humid climate, air-conditioning system as part of the ACMV (Air-Conditioned and Mechanical
Ventilation) system is one of the crucial building service in most of the buildings typically in Malaysia to provide
thermalcomfort.
The research paper is aimed to study in depth of the chosen building to have a deeper understanding of the air
conditioning system adopted bythe Old Folks’ Home, a perfect example of a commercial and public building which is
an upscale neighbourhood activity centre. Through the end of this research, the rules and standards will be
investigated to ensure that proper thermal comfort and indoor air quality is being achieved via the air conditioning
system. Malaysian Standard (MS1525) and Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) standards will be used during the
examination.

6.2 LiteratureReview
SplitUnitAirConditioning System
The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit, fitted outside
the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the
evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room.
Further, present daysplit units have aesthetic appeal and do not take up as much space as a window unit. A split air
conditionercanbeusedto cooloneortwo rooms.
Thecomponentofsplit unit air-conditioningsystem includes:
● Outdoorunit
● Indoorunit

6.3 Operating PrinciplesofAirCooling
Air conditioner and refrigerator works the same concept and principle as their goal is to keep the internal environment
more comfortable than it is on the outside. It was to ensure that the building is achieved thermal comfort through
efficient methodology by using air-conditioner. Like the rest, this sophisticated air-conditioning system is made up of
onemajorcycle:Refrigeration Cycle
6.3.1 RefrigerationCycle
Refrigeration cycle is a process of transporting heat from one place to the another location. It serves the purpose to
discharge unwanted heat from the inside of a building space to the exterior. The refrigerant is used as a medium
where it absorbs and removes the heat produced from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects the heat to
elsewhere. The process described below is the Refrigerant System or Refrigerant Cycle. It is the system on which
virtually all modernAir-Conditioningandrefrigerationisbased.
TheprinciplesofRefrigerationareas follows:
● Liquidabsorbsheatwhenchanged from liquidtogas.
● Gasesgive off heat whenchangedfrom gasto liquid
(Source: https://www.swtc.edu/ag_power/air_conditioning/lecture/basic_cycle.htm)

For an air conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used repeatedly. For this reason, all
air conditioners use the same cycle which is mainly divided into three main parts: compressor, condenser and an
evaporator.
Thecompressor andcondenser are usuallylocated on the outside air portion of the air conditioner.The evaporator is
locatedonthe insidethe house,sometimesaspart of a furnace.That'sthe part that heatsyour house.
RefrigerantCycleProcess:
1. The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and then moves out of
the compressorasahigh-pressuregas.
2. The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to the
outsideair.
3. The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of the fluid,
andlowers its pressureas it leaves the expansionvalve.
4. The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed and
changesitfrom a liquidtoa gas.
5. As a hot low-pressuregas,the refrigerantmoves to the compressor wheretheentirecycleisrepeated.
(Source:https://www.swtc.edu/ag_power/air_conditioning/lecture/basic_cycle.htm)

Compressor Condenser Evaporator
Refrigerant is drawn from the
evaporator and pumped to the
condenser by the compressor. The
compressor also pressurizes the
refrigerant vapor so that it will
changestate(condense)readily.
(Source: http://image.made-in-
china.com/43f34j00RsBTNFlJpMbO
/Highly-Rotary-Compressor-for-
Home-Used-Air-Conditioner.jpg)
The high-pressure refrigerant vapor
releases heat through the
condenser coils as it condenses into
liquid refrigerant. making it easier to
vaporize.
(Source:
http://img.archiexpo.com/images_ae
/photo-g/81620-5499275.jpg)
The low-pressure liquid refrigerant
absorbs heat as it vaporizes in the
evaporator coils.
(Source:
http://www.autohausaz.com/secure/
partimages/64118384251.jpg)

6.4 Types ofAir-Conditioning System
It can be spotted easily every building in Malaysia because of our hot and humid climate. The air conditioner are
designedinmindto accommodatedifferentusers’need.Thesearethe four types of airconditioningsystem below:
1. WindowAir ConditioningSystem
2. Split Air ConditioningSystem
3. CentralizedAir ConditioningSystem
4. PackagedAir ConditioningSystem
6.4.1 WindowAirConditioning System
Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and cheapest type of air conditioners. If your room or
office size is about less than 100 sq. ft. a window air conditioner of about 0.8 ton can be good enough. If the size of
room is more than this but less than 200 sq. ft. your HVAC designer will recommend a window air conditioner of
about 1 ton. For rooms of bigger sizes but less than 300 sq. ft. the system of about 1.5 ton is advisable. However,
these sizes may change depending upon the number of people occupying the space, its alignment with respect to
sun, and othersourcesof heat generationinsidetheroom.
You will need a space on the wall as well as some open space behind the wall to install one of these units. Window
air-conditioner units are reliable and easy to be installed to keep a room cool and avoid the costly construction of a
central air system at the same time. Moreover, these units can be easilyremoved for storage and use the window sill
for other purposeswhensummerheatdiesdownespeciallyincountrieswheretheyhave winter.
Figure 6.4.1 WindowAir Conditioning System

One of the complaints that window airconditioners have had is that they tend to make noise inside the room. But this
problem has been greatly overcome by the present day efficient and less noisy rotary compressors, which also
consume less electricity. Today a number of fancy and elegant looking models of window air conditioners are
availablethat enhancethebeautyof your rooms.
6.4.2 SplitAirConditioning System
Split unit air-conditioning system is the most common type of air-conditioners used in residential housings and small
scale buildings, because of the elegant appearance and known for its soundless operation. This system mainly
comprisesoftwo parts: whichisthe outdoorunitandthe indoorunit.
The outdoor unit, which is fitted outside the room which contains housing components such as the compressor,
condenser and expansion valve. Whereas the indoor unit which comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the
cooling fan. It doesn’t need any slot in the wall for this particular unit. Furthermore, the split unit has aesthetic value
andadds beautyto the space.Thesplitairconditionercanbeusedto cooloneor two rooms.
Figure 6.4.2.1 Split air conditioner outdoor and indoor unit

Figure 6.4.2.2 Howsplit air conditioner outdoor and indoor unit works
6.4.2.1 OutdoorUnit
As mentioned before, outdoor unit comprises important components of the air conditioning system such as
compressorandcondenser.Whileconditioningtheindoorair,lots of heat is generatedinthis two parts.
Componentsofoutdoorunit:
1. Compressor: It becomes the most important part ever in the whole system. The refrigerant is compressed and
pressurised before sending to the condenser. In this kind of domestic used of AC, the compressor and the motor to
drive the shaft are sealed so it cannot be seen externally. To compress the refrigerant external power is supplied and
lot of heat is produced,whichmeansthatit has to beremovedby fan or othermeans.

2. Condenser: It is the coiledcooper tube in one or more than one row.The number of the rows is depending on the
size of AC unit and the compressor.The high pressured and high temperature refrigerant form the compressor will be
releasing its heat in it. Aluminium fins are covered on it in order to promote the rate of remove heat from the
refrigerant.
3. Condenser cooling fan: It is located in front the condenser and compressor. In the long run process of
pressurised and heating the refrigerant in the compressor, heats produced could be burnt the motor coils and
eventually breakdown the compressor to the whole AC system. Moreover, refrigerant within the condenser coil need
to be cooledinorderto makeit coolenoughtoproducecoolingeffectafterexpansion.
4. Expansion valve: It is where medium temperature refrigerant enter and temperature to be dropped down after the
condenser.It is normallya coppercapillarytubingwithseveral rounds of coils.
MS1525:2007Code8.4.4.2
Outdoor air supply and exhaust systems should be provided with motorised or gravity dampers or other means of
automatic volume shut-off or reduction during period of non-use or alternate use of the spaces served by the
systems.
MS1525:2007Code8.10ACMVSystemEquipment
ACMVsystem equipment provides, in one (single package) ormore (split unit) factoryassembled packages, mean
for air-circulation, air cleaning, air cooling with controlled temperature and dehumidification. The cooling function
maybe eitherelectricallyor heat operatedandthe refrigerantcondensermaybeair, wateror evaporative-cooled.
6.4.2.2 IndoorUnit
It is the indoor unit that produces thecooling effect inside the room.The indoor unit of the split air conditioner is a box
type housing in which all the important parts of the air conditioner are enclosed.The most common type of the indoor
unit is the wall mounted type though other types like ceiling mounted and floor mounted are also used. We shall
discussallthese types inseparate articles,herewe shalldiscussthewallmountedtype of the indoorunit.
ComponentsofIndoorunit:
1. EvaporatorCoil ortheCooling Coil:

Thecoolingcoil is a coppercoil made of number turns of the copper tubing with one or more rows depending on the
capacity of the air conditioning system. The cooling coil is covered with the aluminum fins so that the maximum
amountof heat canbetransferred from the coilto the air insidethe room.
The refrigerant from the tubing at very low temperature and very low pressure enters the cooling coil. The blower
absorbs the hot room air or the atmospheric air and in doing so the air passes over the coolingcoil which leads to the
cooling of the air. This air is then blown to the room where the cooling effect has to be produced. The air, after
producingthecoolingeffectis againsuckedbythe blowerandthe processof coolingtheroom continues.
After absorbing the heat from the room air, the temperature of the refrigerant inside the cooling coil becomes high
and it flows back through the return copper tubing to the compressor inside the outdoor unit. The refrigerant tubing
supplying the refrigerant from the outdoor unit to the indoor unit and that supplying the refrigerant from indoor unit to
the outdoorunit are bothcovered withthe insulationtape.
2. AirFilter:
The air filter is very important part of the indoor unit. It removes all the dirt particles from the room air and helps
supplying clean air to the room. The air filter in the wall mounted type of the indoor unit is placed just before the
cooling coil. When the blower sucks the hot room air, it is first passed through the air filter and then though the
coolingcoil.Thusthecleanairat lowtemperatureissuppliedintothe room by the blower.
One of the most popular types split air conditioners is the wall mounted type of split AC. In these ACs the indoor unit
is mountedonwallinsidethe room or the office.

3. Cooling FanorBlower:
Inside the indoor unit there is also a long blower that sucks the room air or the atmospheric air. It is an induced type
of blower and while is sucks the room air it is passed over the cooling coil and the filter due to which the temperature
of the air reduces and all the dirt from it is removed. The blower sucks the hot and unclean air from the room and
supplies cool and clean air back. The shaft of the blower rotates inside the bushes and it is connected to a small
multiple speedmotor, thus the speed of the blower can be changed. When the fan speed is changed with the remote
it is the speed of the blowerthat changes.
4. Drain Pipe:

Due to the low temperature refrigerant inside the cooling coil, its temperature is very low, usually much below the
dew point temperature of the room air. When the room air is passed over the cooling due the suction force of the
blower, the temperature of the air becomes verylow and reaches levels below its dew point temperature. Due to this
the water vapor present in the air gets condensed and dew or water drops are formed on the surface of the cooling
coil. These water drops fall off the cooling coil and are collected in a small space inside the indoor unit. To remove
the water from this space the drain pipe is connected from this space extending to the some external place outside
the room where water can be disposed off. Thus the drain pipe helps removing dew watercollected inside the indoor
unit.
To remove the water efficientlythe indoor unit has to be a tilted by a very small angle of about 2 to 3 degrees so that
the water can be collected in the space easily and drained out. If this angle is in opposite direction, all the water will
get drainedinsidetheroom. Also, the if the tilt angleistoo high, the indoorunitwill shabbyinsidethe room.
MS1525:2007,8.5 Piping Installation
All piping installed to serve building and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive
energylosses. Additionalinsulationwithbarriermaybe requiredto presentcondensationundersomeconditions.
5. LouversorFins:

The cool air supplied by the blower is passed into the room through louvers. The louvers help changing the angle or
direction in which the air needs to be supplied into the room as per the requirements. With louvers one easilychange
the directioninwhichthemaximumamountofthe cooledairhas to be passed.
There are two types of louvers: horizontal and vertical. The horizontal louvers are connected to a small motor and
there position can set by the remote control. Oncecan set a fixed position for the horizontal louvers so that chilled air
is passed in a particular direction onlyor one can keep it in rotation mode so that the fresh air is supplied throughout
the room. The vertical louvers are operated manually and one can easily change their position as per the
requirements. The horizontal louvers control flow of air in upper and downward directions of the room, while vertical
louvers controlmovementof airin left and right directions.
6.4.3 Centralised Air-Conditioning System
The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used for large buildings such as hotels, theaters, airports,
shopping mall and etcetera are functioned to be air conditioned completely. In comparison, the window and split air
conditioners are used for single rooms or small office spaces. It is not economicallyviable to place window or split air
conditioner in each and everyroom if the whole building is to becooled. In addition, these small units can’t satisfy the
requirementstocoollargehalls,auditorium,receptionsareasetcetera.

Figure 6.4.3.1 Centralized air conditioner system
Figure 6.4.3.2 HowCentralized air conditioner system works
ComponentsofCentralized air-conditioning system:

1. AirHandlingUnit(AHU)
The air handling unit (or air handler) is a central air-conditioner system that helps to treat the air that will be supplied
to the building spaces. It is a blue large metal casing of double skin insulated panels that containing fan
compartment, heating/cooling coils, filter racks, sound attenuators, dampers and ductworks. AHU is a device that
used to condition andcirculate air of the auditorium. The untreated outside air will be treated by filtering, cooling and
dehumidifying before delivered to the auditorium heaters of KLPAC via duct system. There is a control panel to
switchon/off the air handlingunitsnearto the AHU room.
MS1525: 2007code8.4.1.2.1Control setbackand shut-off
Each system should be equipped with a readily accessible means of shutting off or reducing the energy used
during periods of non-use or alternate uses of the building spaces or zones served by the system. The following
are examplesthatmeetthese requirements:
(i.) Manuallyadjustableautomatic timingdevices;
(ii.) Manualdevicesforuse by operatingpersonnel;and
(iii.) Automatic controlsystem
2. Fan Coil Unit(FCU)
Fancoil units aremostlyapplied in the bigger spaces such as shopping complex. In KL PAC, fan coil units are mainly
used in the spacious area such as lobby, cafeteria and studios upstairs. The fan coil unit in KL PAC are controlled by
the control panel nearbyor using remote control. So it can be manuallyturn off whenever the area is not occupied in
order to save energy. FCU canmainlybe divided into two types: cassette and ceilingmounted type. In KL PAC, both
types of FCU canbefound. Thereisonespecialtype in KL PAC whichisa ductlike of FCU.

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