This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It begins by defining phonetics as dealing with the physical side of speech, while phonology deals with the mechanism of speech sounds. It then discusses phones as the basic unit of phonetics, and the three types of phonetics: articulatory, acoustic, and auditory. It also covers the classification of sounds into consonants and vowels, the vocal tract, and factors used to classify consonants and vowels such as manner of articulation, place of articulation, voicing, height of the tongue, and diphthongs.

1. Phonetics and Phonology
Prepared by:
Rubab Khaliq
Tuba Mubeen

2. Sub Headings
1.Introduction
2. Phones and Phonetics
3.Types of Phonetics
4.Classification of Sounds
5.Vocal Tract

3. Introduction
• Phonetics:
• It deals with physical side of speech.
• Phonology:
• It deals with mechanism of speech sound.
• The two primary linguistic disciplines concerned
with speech sounds - those sounds that are
• used by humans to communicate - are phonetics
and phonology.

4. Phones and Phonetics
• Phones:
• The two basic tasks of phonetics are the
transcription and the classification of sounds,
also
• called phones in this context.
• The phone is therefore the basic unit of
phonetics and it refers
• to the concrete sound substance as such.

5. Types of Phonetics
• There are three types of phonetics:
• 1.Articulatory Phonetics
• 2.Acoustic Phonetics
• 3.Auditory Phonetics

6. Classification of sound
• Traditionally, sounds are classified into
consonants and vowels. Consonants are
sounds that
• are produced with a major obstruction in
the mouth cavity. For example, in the case
of [t]

7. Vocal Tract
• The vocal tract is the cavity in human beings
and in animals where sound that is produced at
the sound source (larynx in mammals; syrinx in
birds) is filtered. In birds it consists of the
trachea, the shrink, the oral cavity, the upper
part of the esophagus, and the beak.
• Picture of Vocal tract is given below:

9. Vowels and Consonents
• Vowels are sounds that are produced without
such obstruction.
• Another difference between consonants and
vowels is that vowels are generally voiced, i.e.
• the vocal cords are set vibrating by the outgoing
airflow. Consonants, by contrast, can be
• voiced or voiceless.

10. Classification of Consonants
• Factors relevant for the classification of
consonants include the manner of articulation,
the
• place of articulation, and voicing. With regard to
the manner of articulation, English
• consonants can be classified into plosives,
fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, and
semivowels.

11. Classification of Vowels
• Depending on the height of the tongue,
vowels can be classified into high, low,
and mid
• Vowels.

12. Diphthongs
• The vowels described so far have all been
monophthongs, in contrast to the diphthongs (or
• gliding vowels), where the tongue moves from
one position to another. Examples can be
• found in day, fight, oil, so, and now for the so-
called closing diphthongs, while centering
• diphthongs occur, for example, in bare, beer,
and sure.