4th Quarter Health for Grade 7

1. Prevention and Control
of Diseases and Disorder
(Non-comunicable
Diseases)

2. Introduction
Disease is a particular abnormal
condition and a disorder of a structure or
function, that affects part or all of an
organism. It is often interpreted as a
medical condition associated with
specific symptoms and signs.

3. Introduction
There are two categories of
disease:
1)Communicable disease
2)Non-communicable disease
(NCD)

4. Two categories of disease:
1) Communicable disease are caused
by pathogen or disease-causing
organisms and can be transmitted from
one person to another or from animals to
people. Examples: cold, influenza,
cholera, dengue fever, tuberculosis and
warts. These disease can be avoided by
taking preventive measures.

5. Two categories of disease:
2) Non-communicable disease cannot
be transmitted from one person to
another. Many of these disease are
caused by unhealthy lifestyle.
Examples: cardiovascular disease,
cancer, diabetes.

6. Nature of Non-communicable
Disease (NCD)
Non-communicable disease are not
caused by pathogens or disease causing
organisms such as bacteria or viruses, but
rather, by how people live, by the conditions
with which they are born or by the hazards
around them. It also includes diseases
caused by a breakdown of the body tissues
(degenerative diseases), poor diet,
environmental and occupational hazards,
stress and tension.

7. Here are some Non-
Communicable Diseases
1. Allergy is a misguided reaction to foreign
substances by the immune system. The
substances that trigger allergy are called
allergen. Examples include pollens, dust mite,
molds, danders and certain foods.
a. Hay Fever (allergic rhinitis) is the most
common of the allergic diseases and is
characterized by seasonal nasal symptoms that
are due to pollens. Year round or perennial
allergic rhinitis is usually due to indoor allergens
such as dust mites or molds.

8. a. Hay Fever (Allergic Rhinitis)
The most common signs and symptoms
include:
• Runny nose
• Stuffy nose
• Sneezing
• Nasal itching (rubbing)
• Itchy ears and nose
• Post nasal drip (throat clearing)

9. 1) Allergy
b. Allergic Conjuctivitis is
inflammation of the tissue layers
(membranes) that cover the
surface of the eyeball and the
undersurface of the eyelid.

10. b. Allergic Conjuctivitis
The inflammation occurs as a result of an allergic
reaction and features:
 Redness under the lid and the eyes
 Watery, itchy eyes
 Swelling of the
membrane

11. 1) Allergy
c. Allergic Eczema is an allergic rash that is
usually caused by skin contact with an
allergen and features the following signs:
 Itching, redness and or
dryness of the skin
 Rash on the face, especially
among children
 Rash around the eyes, in the
elbow creases, and behind the knees, especially
in adults.

12. 1) Allergy
d. Hives (urticaria) are skin reactions that
appear as itchy swellings and can occur on any
part of the body. Hives can be caused by an
allergic reaction, such as to a food or medication,
but they also may occur in non-allergic people.
Typical sign and symptom of hives are:
 Raised red welts or swollen
mark
 Intense itching

13. 1) Allergy
e. Allergic shock or (anaphylactic shock)
Is a life-threatening reaction that can affect a
number of organs at the same time. It typically
occurs when the allergen is eaten (ex: food) or
injected (ex: a bee sting). Allergic shock is caused
by dilated and leaky blood vessels, which result in
a drop in blood pressure.

14. e. Allergic shock or
(anaphylactic shock)
Some or all of the following signs and
symptoms may occur:
 Hives or reddish
discoloration of skin
 Nasal congestion
 Swelling of the throat
 Stomach pain, nausea, vomiting
 Shortness of breath, wheezing (breathed with a
whistling sound in the chest
 Low blood pressure

15. Here are some Non-
Communicable Diseases
2. ASTHMA is a chronic lung disorder that
causes airways (the tubes that carry air into
and out of the lungs) to become inflamed,
which means that they swell and produce
lots of thick mucus. The muscles
surrounding the airways also tend to tighten,
which makes the already clogged airways
even narrower.

16. 2. ASTHMA
The following are the signs and symptoms of
asthma:
 Shortness of breath
 Wheezing
 Coughing
 Chess tightness
Asthma may be prevented through lifestyle
changes, activity reduction, allergy-shots, and
medications.

17. Here are some Non-
Communicable Diseases
3. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE is the disease
of the heart and blood vessels. These include
heart diseases and vascular diseases.
a) Heart (Cardio) Diseases
 Congenital Heart Disease is an abnormality in
the hearts structure that you’re born with.
 Congestive Heart Failure is the inability of the
heart to keep up with the demands on it, with
failure of the heart pump blood with normal
efficiency. When this occurs, the heart is unable to provide
adequate blood flow to other organs, such as the brain, liver, and
kidneys.

18. 3. CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE
 Arrhythmia is a condition in which the heart beats
with an irregular or abnormal rhythm.
 Rheumatic Heart Disease active or inactive
disease of the heart that results from rheumatic
fever and that is characterized by reduced functional
capacity of the heart caused by inflammatory
changes in the myocardium or scarring of the
valves.
 Myocardial Infraction (heart attack) occurs when
the heart muscle tissue dies from lack of oxygen
because of reduced blood flow. Heart attack is fatal
when the large part of the heart is affected.

19. 3. CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE
b) Vascular (blood vessel) diseases
 Arteriosclerosis is a group of vascular diseases
characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity
of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is a form or
arteriosclerosis. It occurs when a fatty substance
such as cholesterol is deposited on the walls of
the arteries, making the vessel hard, narrow,
and less elastic.

20. B ) Vascular (blood vessel)
diseases
 Hypertension or high blood pressure occurs
when blood pressure is higher than normal.
Blood pressure is the force of the blood on the
inside walls of the blood vessels.
 Stroke occurs when a clot blocks a small blood
vessel in the brain, thus brain cells die from lack
of oxygen.
 Aneurysm is an excessive localized
enlargement of an artery caused by a
weakening of the artery wall.

21. Here are some Non-
Communicable Diseases
4. CANCER is caused by abnormal cells growing
without control. As these abnormal cells grow, they
form in masses called tumor.
Tumor can either be:
 Benign – masses of cells that are not cancerous
and do not spread.
 Malignant – masses of cells that are cancerous.
They may spread to other parts of the body by
moving along the blood vessels or through the
lymph system. This spreading is called
metastasis.

22. Most Common Cancers
Where It Occurs How Common It Is How Curable It is
1. Skin Most common 95% of treated persons
recovered
2. Colon and rectum Second most common
mostly in men but
increasingly in women
About half of treated persons live
for 5 years or longer after
treatment
3. Lungs Mostly in men Only about 10% of treated
patient lived
4. Breast Most common in women About 70% of treated females
recovered
5. Reproductive organ Male – prostate gland,
testicle
Female - cervix
More than 60% of patients
treated recovered
6. Bone marrow
(leukemia & lymphoma)
Most common type in
children
About 85% of treated patients
lived; rate of cures improving for
leukemia; rate for lymphoma is
90%

23. Most Common Cancers
1) SKIN
 How Common It Is:
Most common
 How Curable It Is:
95% of treated
persons recovered

24. Most Common Cancers
2) Colon and Rectum
 How Common It Is:
second most common
mostly in men but
increasingly in women
 How Curable It Is:
about half of treated
persons lived for 5
years or longer after
treatment

25. Most Common Cancers
3) Lungs
 How Common It Is:
mostly in men
 How Curable It Is: only
about 10% of treated
patient lived

26. Most Common Cancers
4) Breast
 How Common It Is:
most common in
women
 How Curable It Is:
About 70% of treated
females recovered

27. Most Common Cancers
5) Reproductive
Organ
 How Common It Is:
male – prostate gland,
testicle; female -
cervix
 How Curable It Is:
more than 60% of
patients treated
recovered

28. Most Common Cancers
6) Bone marrow
(leukemia and lymphoma)
 How Common It Is: most
common type in children
 How Curable It Is: about
85% of treated patients
lived; rate of cures
improving for leukemia;
rate for lymphoma is
90%

29. Warning Signs of Cancer: Remember
the word CAUTION-UP
C – hange in bowel or bladder habits
A – sore that does not heal
U – unsual bleeding or discharge
T – thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
I – ndigestion or difficulty in swallowing
O – bvious change in wart or mole
N – agging cough or hoarseness
U – nexplained weight loss
P – resistent hoarseness

30. Cancer maybe diagnosed in
different ways:
• Biopsy – the doctor may take a piece of
tissue.
• Curretage – a tissue from within the
body’s removed.
• X-ray – a quick, painless test that
produces images of structures inside your
body. For some types of X-ray tests, a
contrast medium – such as iodine or
barium – is introduced into your body to
provide greater detail on the image.

31. Treatment of Cancer
• Surgery – this involves removal of tumor and
repair of the affected organ.
• Radiation Therapy or radiotherapy – this
involves attacking the cancer cells with X-rays or
with rays or particles from radioactive
substances such as cobalt-60 or radium.
• Drug Therapy or Chemotherapy – this has
become an increasingly important method of
cancer treatment. Drugs have been proven
effective especially in treating leukemia and
lymphoma.

32. Here are some Non-
Communicable Diseases
5. DIABETES is a disease that prevents
the body from converting food into
energy. Carbohydrates are normally
changed into a simple sugar called
glucose (a source of energy). Insulin,
the hormone produced in the pancreas,
regulates the level of glucose in the
blood.

33. 5. DIABETES
• Type I Diabetes is the result of little or no insulin
produced by the pancreas. This can be due to a
defective immune system which attacks the cells
that produce insulin. This kind of diabetes
usually begins before the age of 40.
• Type II Diabetes is the result of too little insulin
produced by the pancreas or failure of the
insulin to function normally. Most often it begins
in overweight adults.

34. Sign and Symptoms of
Diabetes
Urination (polyuria)
Thirst (polydipsia)
Hunger (polyphagia)
That may result to weight loss, lack of energy and
shortness of breath.

35. Here are some Non-
Communicable Diseases
6) Arthritis refers to the inflammation of
joints. It usually occurs during old age.

36. 6. Arthritis
 Rheumatoid – arthritis causes pain and
swelling in many joints throughout the body. It
is an autoimmune disease which happens
when the body’s immune system attacks
healthy cells by mistake. This can lead to
deformity and crippling.
 Osteoarthritis – is a disease of older people. It
results from the wear and tear of joints,
especially those of the hands, hips, knees and
spine.

37. 6) Arthritis

38. Here are some Non-
Communicable Diseases
7) Kidney or Renal Failure is a medical
condition in which the kidneys fail to
adequately filter waste product from the
blood.

39. 7) Kidney or Renal Failure

40. 7) Kidney or Renal Failure
Renal failure
 is mainly determined by a decrease in a
glomerular filtration rate, the rate at which blood
is filtered in the glomeruli of the kidney.
 This is detected by a decrease in or absence of
urine production or determination of waste
product (creatinine or urea) in the blood.
 Depending on the cause, hematuria (blood loss
in the urine and proteinuria (protein loss in the
urine) may be noted.

41. 7) Kidney or Renal Failure
Problems occur in Renal Failure
 Increased fluid in the body (leading to swelling)
 Increased acid levels
 Raised levels of potassium
 Decreased levels of calcium
 Increased levels of phosphate
 In later stages anemia
 Bone health
 Increased risk of cardiovascular disease (for
long term kidney problems)

42. FACT FILE
(World Health Organization)
1) NCDs are responsible for 63% of all deaths worldwide (36
million out of 57 million global deaths).
2) 80% of NCDs deaths occur in low-and-middle-income
countries.
3) More than 9 million of all deaths attributed to NCDs occur
before the age of 60.
4) Around the world, NCDs affect women and men almost
equally.
5) NCDs are largely preventable through effective
interventions that tackle shared risk factors, namely: tobacco
use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and harmful use of
alcohol.

43. FACT FILE
(World Health Organization)
6) 5 billion adults, were overweight in 2008.
7) Nearly 43 million children under 5 years old
were overweight in 2010.
8) Tobacco use kills nearly 6 million people a
year.
9) By 2020, the number will increase to 7.5
million, accounting to 10% of all deaths.
10) Eliminating major risks could prevent most
NCDs.

44. Remember:
For you to recall the common non-communicable
disease easily, think of the word ACA – CARD!
A – llergy
C – ardiovascular disease
A – sthma
C – ancer
A – rthritis
R – enal Failure
D - iabetes