2. Biography
⚫ Born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia, which
is now Part of Czech Republic.
⚫ His family moved to and settled in Vienna in 1860
when he was at 4 years old where Freud remained
until 1938.
⚫ Attended University of Vienna at the age of 17, In
1881 he graduated in Medicine Faculty.
⚫ After medical school, specialized in neurology and
then studied for a year in Paris with Jean Martin
Charcoat.
⚫ Hysteria was common among women in the
Victorian Era.
⚫ Freud was very interested in hypnotherapy.
3. ⚫ In 1885, Freud began to distance away from a
medical approach to psychiatry.
⚫ Then he returned to Vienna and started working on
hysterical patients from 1887-1897.
⚫ He discovered that being in a relaxed state of mind,
patients are open about traumatic past events.
⚫ This made Freud a pioneer of catharsis or “talking
cure”
⚫ Added use of dream analysis.
⚫In 1896 Psychoanalysis was officially recognized.
(Theory of personality & Method of Psychotherapy)
⚫ He released fundamental work for the whole
psychoanalytic theory titled Interpretation of
Dreams(1900)
⚫ He died in London on September 23, 1939.
4. Introduction
⚫ Psychoanalysis was the child of Sigmund Freud’s
genius.
⚫ The science of psychoanalysis is crucial for
psychodynamic understanding and forms the
fundamental theoretical frame of reference for a
variety of forms of therapeutic intervention.
⚫ The spirit of creative modification in theory was
inagurated by Freud himself.
⚫ The gradual emergence, progressing from early drive
theory to structural theory to ego psychology to
object relations and on to, self psychology,
intersubjectivism and relational approaches.
⚫ Three crucial aspects of psychoanalysis today are,
1. A therapeutic technique
2. A body of scientific and theoretical knowledge
3. A method of investigation
5. Roots of prepsychoanalytic
thinking
⚫When he began his study of hysteria, he
believed that brain physiology was the
definitive scientific approach and that it
alone yield a truly scientific
understanding.
⚫His own efforts to elaborate a scientific
physiology of mental phenomena would
in the end prove frustrating and
disappointing.
⚫Even after abandoning that attempt
containing in project for a scientific
psychology (1895) he continued to
believe that there was a close relation
between physical and psychical
6. ⚫An early state of Freud’s understanding
of how the mind worked came in his
book on aphasia (1891).
⚫In his view simple psychological
functions, like perception or memory, are
physiologically complex and involving
multiple brain systems.
⚫It was disruption in the associative
network that was responsible for various
forms of aphasia rather than destruction
of specific centres.
7. Beginnings
⚫ In the decade from 1887-1897 Freud immersed
himself in the serious study of the disturbances in
his hysterical patients, resulting in discoveries
that contributed to the beginnings of
psychoanalysis.
⚫ Early researches were in collaboration with
Joseph Breuer and then from his own
independent investigations.
⚫ knowing Freud’s interest in hysterical pathology,
Breuer told him about the unusual case of a
woman (Case of ANNA O) he had treated for
approximately 1.5 years.
⚫ Study of her difficulties proved to be one of the
important stimuli in development of
psychoanalysis.
8. ⚫ During these period, he favoured hypnosis
early in his career, but he moved gradually
toward free association.
⚫ Instead of concentration method in which
urging, pressing, questioning and trying to
defeat patients resistance, actually interfere
with free flow of thoughts he replaced it with
free association, which forms basic rule of
psychoanalysis.
⚫ Applying such techniques to a steady stream
of patients, Freud pieced together a picture of
personality that shaped much of the field of
psychology.
9. The Interpreation of Dreams
⚫ In his landmark publication The Interpretation of
Dreams (1900), Freud presented a theory of the
dreaming process.
⚫ He viewed the dream experience as a conscious
expression of unconscious fantasies or wishes
not readily acceptable to conscious waking
experience.
⚫ Freud postulated the existence of a censor,
pictured as guarding the border between the
unconscious part and preconscious part.
⚫ Freud assumed that censor worked in the service
of the ego.
⚫ The analysis of dreams elicits material that has
been repressed, include nocturnal sensory
stimuli, the day residue and repressed
unacceptable impulses.
10. ⚫ Freud distinguished between two layers of
dream content,
1. The manifest content – what is recalled by
dreamer.
2. The latent content – the unconscious thoughts
and wishes that threaten to awaken the
dreamer.
Dream work
the unconscious mental operations
(Mechanisms) by which latent dream content is
transformed into manifest dream. In this
process repressed wishes or impulses must
attach themselves to innocent or neutral
images to pass the scrutiny of censor.
11. Condensation
The mechanism by which several
unconscious wishes, impulses, or attitudes can be
combined into a single image in the manifest dream
content.
eg:- In a child’s nightmare an attacking monster
may come to represent not only father but also
some aspects of mother and even child’s own
primitive hostile impulses.
The converse of condensation also occurs
/Diffusion – one latent wish manifest through
multiple representations.
The combination of them provides flexibility in
manifest content.
12. Displacement
The transfer of amounts of energy
(cathexis) from an original object to a
substitute object. Because substitute object is
relatively neutral it is more acceptable to
censor.
Despite the transfer of cathectic energy, the
aim of the unconscious impulse remains
unchanged.
eg:- In a dream mother may be represented
visually by an unknown female figure.
13. Projection
This allows dreamers to rid themselves of
their own unacceptable wishes or impulses
and experience them as emanating in the
dream from other persons or independent
sources.
The figures to whom these unacceptable
impulses are ascribed in the dream often turn
out to be those toward whom the subjects
own unconscious impulses are directed.
eg:- The individual who has a strong
repressed wish to be unfaithful to his wife
may dream that his wife has been unfaithful
to him.
14. Symbolic representation
The dreamer would often represent
highly charged ideas or objects by using
innocent images that were in some way
connected with the idea or object being
represented.
eg:- Complex set of feeling towards a person
could be symbolized by a simple concrete, or
sensory image.
⚫ These Condensation, Displacement,
Projection and Symbolic representation are
mechanisms of primary process.
15. ⚫Secondary revision
A more mature and reasonable
aspect of ego works during dreams to
organize primitive aspect of dreams into
a more coherent form – thus became
rational.
⚫Secondary process
The process of secondary
revision which related to mature activity
characteristic of waking life.
⚫Secondary emotions may not appear in
the dream at all or they may be
experienced in somewhat altered form.
16. Anxiety dreams Punishment dreams
•Reflecting a failure in the
protective function of the dream
work mechanisms.
•The repressed impulses succeed
in working their way into the
manifest content.
•Reflecting a compromise between
the repressed wish and repressing
agency or conscience.
•Ego anticipates condemnation on
the part of dreamer’s conscience.
17. Topographical Model of The
Mind
⚫The publication of the interpretations of
dreams (1900) heralded the arrival of
freud’s topographical model of mind.
⚫It divides the mind into 3 regions,
1. The conscious system
2. The preconscious system
3. The unconscious system
18. The conscious The preconscious The unconscious
•In this perceptions
coming from the
outside world or within
the body or mind
brought into
awareness.
•It is a subjective
phenomenon.
•Freud assumed that it
uses a form of psychic
energy which he
called attention
cathexis.
•In this events or
contents brought into
awareness by the act
of focussing attention.
•It interfaces
conscious with
unconscious.
•It also serves to
maintain the
repressive barrier and
to censor
unacceptable wishes.
•In this events or
contents kept from
consciousness
through repression or
censorship.
•It is dynamic system.
i.e, verbal recathexis
allows memories to
reach conscious
system.
•It is characterized by
primary process
thinking and governed
by pleasure principle.
19. ⚫ Freud soon realized 2 main deficiencies
(Limitations),
1. Defence mechanisms themselves not initially
accessible to consciousness.
2. Unconscious need for punishment.
⚫ These difficulties led Freud to discard the
topographical theory.
⚫ But certain concepts continue to be useful,
1. Primary and secondary thought process.
2. The fundamental importance of wish
fulfilment.
3. The existence of dynamic unconsciousness.
4. A tendency toward regression under
frustration.
20. Instinct or Drive Theory
⚫ After the development of the topographical
model, Freud turned his attention to the
complexities of instinct theory.
⚫ In Freud’s view, an instinct has 4 principal
characteristics,
1. Source The part of the body from which the
instinct arises.
2. Impetus Amount of force or intensity
associated with the instinct.
3. Aim Any action directed toward tension
discharge or satisfaction.
4. Object The target (person) for this action.
21. Instincts
Libido
⚫ The force by which the sexual instinct is
represented in the mind.
⚫ It refers specifically to the mental
manifestations of the sexual instinct.
Ego
⚫ Remaining nonsexual components are called
ego instincts.
⚫ It forms a dual instinct theory, which connects
both instincts with self-preservation.
Aggression
⚫ Part of sexual instinct Categorised into
sexual and ego instincts A separate
instinct by 1923.
⚫ The source of instinct in skeletal muscles.
22. Concept of Libido
⚫ The ambiguity in the term instinctual drive is also
reflected in use of the term libido.
⚫ He used the term libido to refer to the force by
which the sexual instinct is represented in the
mind.
⚫ He recognized early that the sexual instinct did not
originate in a finished or final form, as represented
by the stage of genital primacy. Rather, it
underwent a complex process of development at
each phase of which the libido had specific aims
and objects that diverged in varying degrees from
the simple aim of genital union.
⚫ The libido theory thus came to include all of these
manifestations and the complicated paths they
23. Concept of Narcissism
⚫ In narcissism an individual’s libido invested in
the ego itself rather than in other persons.
⚫ The concept of narcissism led him to
important modifications in libido and instinct
theory.
⚫ He grouped several disorders together as the
narcissistic neuroses/ grandiosity and
omnipotence in such patients reflected
excessive libidinal investment in the ego.
⚫ He did not limit the use of term to psychoses
but states of physical illness,
hypochondriasis, homosexuality and normal
sleep.
⚫ Ego libido (primary narcissism) object
libido secondary narcissism.
24. Beyond The Pleasure Principles (1920)
Life instinct Death instinct
•Eros.
•Instincts that deal with basic
survival, pleasure and
reproduction.
•Aggressive and Ego instincts
comes under a broad category of
life instincts.
•Thanatos.
•Unconscious desire to die.
•The dominant force in biological
organisms had to be death instinct.
•He could not provide clinical data
and today many opined that it is
not necessary to explain most
clinical phenomenon.
25. Pleasure principle & Reality
principle
⚫ In 1911, Freud recast the primary process
and secondary process dichotomy into the
pleasure principle and reality principle.
⚫ Both principles are aspects of ego
functioning.
⚫ Pleasure principle An inborn tendency of the
organism to avoid pain and to seek pleasure
through the discharge of tension.
⚫ Reality principle A learned function closely
related to the maturation of ego; modifies the
pleasure principle.
27. Psychoanalytic theory has 3 major parts:-
1. A theory of the structure of personality,
in which ego, id, superego are the
principal parts;
2. A theory of personality dynamics, in
which conscious and unconscious
motivation and ego-defence
mechanisms play a major role;
3. A theory of psychosexual development,
in which different motives and body
regions influence the child at different
stages of growth.
28. Structure of Personality
•Ego psychology as
it is known today
really began with
The ego and id
(1923).
•Consists of 3 parts,
1. Id
2. Ego
3. Superego
29. Id Ego Superego
•The most primitive •Consists elaborate •The conscience.
part and a sort of ways of behaving and •Consists of
storehouse of thinking which prohibitions learned
biologically based constitutes the from parents and
urges. executive function of authorities.
•Operates according person. •Guided by ego ideal.
to pleasure principle, •Working in the
but managed by ego. service of reality
principle.
30. Eg:-
• I want to
eat
chocolate!
ID
• Eats a
small bar of
chocolate
EGO
• I am on a
super diet!
SUPEREGO
31. Functions of Ego
⚫ Modern ego psychologists have identified a set of basic
ego functions that characterizes the operations of ego,
Control and Regulation of Instinctual Drives
Judgement
Relation to Reality- sense of reality
reality testing
adaptation to reality
⚫ Synthetic functions of ego (Herman Nunberg,1931) i.e,
ego’s capacity to integrate diverse elements into an overall
unity.
⚫ Primary autonomous functions of ego (Heinz Hartmann)
Rudimentary apparatus present at birth that develop
independently in average expectable environment.
Include perception, learning, intelligence etc.
⚫ Secondary autonomous functions of ego
Once conflict occurs these arise in the defence against
drives.
Eg:- child with murderous wishes caretaking
32. Object Relations Theory
Instinctual
phases
Parallel Lines of Development
Separation- Object relations Psychosocial crises
Individuation
Oral Autism,
Symbiosis
Primary
narcissism, Need-
satisfying
Trust Vs Mistrust
Anal Hatching,
Practicing,
Rapproachement
Need-satisfying,
Object constancy
Autonomy Vs Shame,
Self doubt
Phallic Object
constancy,
Oedipal complex
Object constancy,
Ambivalence
Initiative Vs Guilt
Latency - - Industry Vs Inferiority
Adolescence Genitality,
Secondary
individuation
Object love Identity Vs Identity
diffusion
Adulthood Mature genitality - Intimacy Vs Isolation,
Integrity Vs Despair,
33. Personality Dynamics
⚫ Freud did not intend to divide personality into 3
separate compartments but rather to covey a
lively, ongoing interplay among id, ego,
superego.
⚫ Ego’s task often involves finding a compromise
between id and superego.
⚫ Freud proposed 3 levels of consciousnesses or
awareness- conscious, preconscious,
unconscious.
⚫ Why do some ideas become unconscious?
Repression - is itself unconscious and automatic.
⚫ Why bring back memories?
repressed material does not remain safety
tucked away and may work underground and
convert conflicts into neurosis.
⚫ Unconscious processes also figured in Dreams
and Accidents/ slips of the tongue or the pen.
34. Repression
Description Example
•Unpleasant experiences are
stored deep in the subconscious
mind and cant be access by the
conscious mind.
•Basic defense mechanism.
•An accident victim nearly dies but
remembers none of the details of
the accident.
35. Defence Mechanisms
⚫ At each phase of libidinal development, specific
drive components evoke characteristic ego
defences.
⚫ Defense mechanism are invented by the Ego in
an attempt to resolve the conflict between Id and
Superego – so that personality can operate in a
healthy manner.
⚫ Defences can be grouped hierarchically
according to the relative degree of maturity
associated with them.
⚫ Narcissistic are most primitive then immature and
then neurotic defences.
⚫ George valliant classified defences into 4 groups.
1. Narcissistic-Psychotic
2. Immature
3. Neurotic and
36. Nrcissistic-
Psychotic
Immature Neurotic Mature
•These defences are
usually found as
part of a psychotic
process.
•May also occur in
young children and
adult dreams or
fantasies.
•Share avoiding,
negating, distorting
reality.
•Projection, Denial,
Distortion.
•These are common
in preadolescent
years and in adult
character disorders.
•Often mobilized by
anxieties, and
moderate improving
interpersonal
relationships.
•Acting out,
Blocking,
Hypochondriasis,
Introjection,
Projection,
Regression,
Somatization,
Schizoid fantasy,
Passive aggressive
behaviour.
•These are common
in apparently normal
healthy individuals.
•Alleviate distress
and expressed in
neurotic forms of
behaviour.
•Controlling,
Displacement,
Dissociation,
Externalization,
Inhibition,
Intellectualization,
Isolation,
Rationalization,
Reaction formation,
Repression,
Sexualization.
•These are healthy
and adoptive
through out life.
•Useful in integration
of personal needs
and motives, social
demands,
interpersonal
relations.
•Altruism,
Anticipation,
Asceticism, Humor,
Sublimation,
Supression.
37. Psychosexual Development
⚫ In Three Essays on the Theory of
Sexuality(1905) he established a
developmental theory of childhood sexuality.
⚫ He also broadened the definition of sexuality
to include forms of pleasure that transcend
genital sexuality.
⚫ He believed that we go through five stages of
psychosexual development and that at each
stage of development we experience
pleasure in one part of the body than in
others.
⚫ Freud thought that our adult personality is
determined by the way we resolve conflicts
between these early sources of pleasure—
the mouth, the anus and the genitals—and
the demands of reality.
38. ⚫Erogenous zones are parts of the
body that have especially strong
pleasure-giving qualities at particular
stages of development.
⚫Fixation is the psychoanalytic defense
mechanism that occurs when the
individual remains locked in an earlier
developmental stage because needs
are under or over-gratified.
42. Analysis Vs Analytic Psychotherapy
Analysis Analytic
Psychotherapy
•The use of a couch
•Free association as a primary method
•Intensive and long term scheduling
•Emphasis on neutrality, abstinence
•Interpretation on the part of the analyst
•The central focus on transference and
counter-transference
•No
•No
•No
•No
•No
•No
43. ⚫The six basic techniques of
psychoanalytic treatment are :
I. Maintaining the Analytic Framework
II. Free Association
III.Interpretation
IV.Dream Analysis
V. Analysis of Resistance
VI.Analysis of Transference
44. Maintaining the Analytic Framework
• Maintaining therapist’s neutrality and
objectivity.
• The regularity and consistency of meetings.
• Starting and ending the sessions on time.
• Clarity on the fees.
• Explain the basic boundary issues.
45. Free Association
• Clients must say whatever that comes to
mind, regardless of how painful, silly or
irrelevant it may seem.
• Client must try to flow any feelings and
thought freely.
• This is the basic tool used to open the door
to unconscious wishes, conflicts and
motivation.
• Unconscious material will enter the
conscious and the therapist will interpret it.
46. Interpretation
• Analyst will explain the meaning of behaviors in
dreams, free association etc.
• Identify, clarify and translate clients material.
• To help client make sense of their lives and to
expand their consciousness.
• Analyst must pay attention not only to the content
but also the process of conveying it to the patient.
⚫ The patients readiness to accept the material is
an important consideration. If the interpretation
are too deep, the patient might not be able to
accept it and bring it into the conscious mind.
Therefore, before telling the interpretation to the
patient, the analyst must evaluate the
unconscious material. The closer the material to
the preconscious, the more likely the patient will
accept it.
47. Dream Analysis
• The avenue to study the unconscious
material and giving the client insight into
some areas of unresolved problems.
• Some memories are unacceptable by the
ego that they are expressed in symbolic
form(dream).
• Dreams have two level of content which is
Latent Content (hidden but true meaning)
and Manifest Content (obvious meaning).
• Analyst studies content of dreams.
48. Analysis of Resistance
• Progress of the therapy is slow - not paying
fees, being late, blocking thoughts during
free association, refusing to recall past
memories.
• Paying attention to resistance are
important, the decision of when to interpret
the resistance and tell the client depends
on situation.
• Therapist must avoid being judgmental,
instead allow him to address what makes
him anxious.
• Therapist must make client understand of
49. Analysis of Transference
• Clients react to therapist as though they
were a significant other.
• Counselor interprets the positive and
negative feelings of the client.
• Release of feeling is an emotional
catharsis.
• Clients become aware of the emotions and
able to move onto another developmental
stage.
• Transference between client and therapist
occur on unconscious level.
50. Transference Countertransference
•As patient attempts to free
associate, they soon develop
conflicts about their wishes and
feelings towards the analyst.
•It may also serves as resistance
to the process of free association.
•Systematic analysis of resistance
and transference is the essence of
psychoanalysis.
•The analyst might have
transferences to the patient.
•It was an obstacle and need to
understand and analysts have to
analyze themselves.
51. Therapeutic Goals
• Help the client become more aware of the
unconscious material.
• Enriching the variety of defense mechanism
so that they are more effective & adaptable.
• To be able to cope with difficulties and
demands.
• Strengthening of the Ego.
52. Criticism
Freud was mostly criticize as being
unscientific.
Eg.:- The id, ego and superego theory have
no physical part in the human brain that
represent the three elements stated. Freud
based this theory on individual
assessments with no firm proof.
Sexism
Freud theorize that women are mutilated and
must learn to accept their lack of a penis .He
focused more on male development and
implied that women mirrored male
53. Freud’s notion that children are influenced
by sexual drives has made some persons
reluctant to accept psychoanalysis.
Freud made his observations and individual
assessments and derived his theory from
a limited population, mostly upper-class
Austrian women living in a strict era of the
1900s.
