8. Dominant and Recessive Genes
• Gene that prevents the other gene from “showing” – Dominant
• Gene that does NOT “show” even though it is present – Recessive
• Symbol – Dominant gene – upper case letter – R
Recessive gene – lower case letter – r
Dominant
Color
Recessive
color
9. Results of crosses between
pure-breeding pea plants
Characters Studied Parents (F1) Generation
Seed Shape Round Wrinkled Round
Seed color Green Yellow Yellow
Seed coat color Colored White Colored
Pod Shape Inflated Constricted Inflated
Pod color Green Yellow Green
Flower position Axial Terminal Axial
Stem length Long Short Long
11. Results of crosses between hybrid
plants
Characters Studied Hybrid F2 Generation Produced by Self-
Pollinating F1 Hybrids
Observed Ratio
Seed Shape Round Round Wrinkled 2.96: 1
Seed Color Yellow Green Yellow 3.01: 1
Seed Coat Color Colored Colored White 3. 15: 1
Pod Shape Inflated Inflated Constricted 2.95: 1
Pod Color Green Green Yellow 2.82: 1
Flower Position Axial Axial Terminal 3.14: 1
Stem Length Long Long Short 2.84: 1
12. Dominant and recessive traits of
garden pea
Characters Studied Dominant Trait Recessive Trait
Seed Shape Round Wrinkled
Seed color Green Yellow
Seed coat color Colored White
Pod Shape Inflated Constricted
Pod color Green Yellow
Flower position Axial Terminal
Stem length Long Short
14. Law of Dominance
In the monohybrid cross (mating of two organisms that differ in only one
character), one version disappeared.
15. Law of Segregation
during the formation of gametes (eggs or
sperm), the two alleles responsible for a trait
separate from each other.
alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at
fertilization, producing the genotype for the
traits of the offspring.
20. Genotype & Phenotype in Flowers
Genotype of alleles:
R = red flower
r = yellow flower
All genes occur in pairs, so 2
alleles affect a characteristic
Possible combinations are:
Genotypes RR Rr rr
Phenotypes RED RED YELLOW
21. Genotypes Combination
Homozygous genotype - gene combination
involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes (e.g.
RR or rr); also called pure
Heterozygous genotype - gene combination
of one dominant & one recessive allele (e.g.
Rr); also called hybrid
copyright cmassengale
23. Self-fertilization Technique
When self-fertilized, homozygotes always
produce pure-breeding plants. When you
mixed round-seeded peas to another
round-seeded peas the offspring will be
only round-seeded peas.
26. Types of Genetic Crosses
Monohybrid cross - cross involving a
single trait. ex. flower color
Dihybrid cross - cross involving two
traits. ex. flower color & plant height
27. The Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel derived the law of segregation by
following a single character
The F1 offspring produced in this cross were
monohybrids, individuals that are
heterozygous for one character
A cross between such heterozygotes is called a
monohybrid cross
28.
29. Incomplete Dominance
Also known as “blending” b/c neither allele in a
pair is fully expressed
Example seen in Shorthorn Cattle
C = color gene with
alleles possible = CR (red), CW (white)
Cross a red bull with a white cow (Punnett
Square)
30. Incomplete dominance and
• When one allele is NOT completely dominant over
another (they blend) – incomplete dominance
Example: In carnations the color red (R) is incompletely
dominant over white (W). The hybrid color is
pink. Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratio from a
cross between 2 pink flowers.
RW X RW
RR RW
RW WW
R
WR
W
Genotypic = 1 RR : 2 RW : 1 WW
Phenotypic = 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white
31. • When both alleles are expressed – Codominance
Example: In certain chickens black feathers are codominant with
white feathers.
Heterozygous chickens have black and white speckled feathers.
Codominance
32. Multiple Alleles
Sometimes a trait is coded for by more than
just two alleles
Example = human blood type has 3 alleles
A, B, or O