Congenital heart disease is covered in this ppt.

1. Congenital Heart Disease
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IS A GENERAL
TERM FOR A RANGE OF BIRTH DEFECTS THAT
AFFECT THE NORMAL WAY THE HEART
THE TERM "CONGENITAL" MEANS THE
CONDITION IS PRESENT FROM BIRTH.
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IS ONE OF THE
MOST COMMON TYPES OF BIRTH DEFECT,
AFFECTING ALMOST 1 IN 100 BABIES BORN IN
THE UK.

3. Why it happens?
In most cases, no obvious cause of congenital heart disease is identified. However, some
things are known to increase the risk of the condition, including:
•Down's syndrome – a genetic disorder that affects a baby's normal physical development
and causes learning difficulties
•the mother having certain infections, such as rubella, during pregnancy
•the mother taking certain types of medicine during pregnancy, including statins and some
acne medicines
•the mother smoking or drinking alcohol during pregnancy
•the mother having poorly controlled type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes
•other chromosome defects.

4. Signs and symptoms ?
Congenital heart disease can have a number of symptoms,
particularly in babies and children, including:
•rapid heartbeat
•rapid breathing
•swelling of the legs, tummy or around the eyes
•extreme tiredness and fatigue
•a blue tinge to the skin or lips (cyanosis)
•tiredness and rapid breathing when a baby is feeding

5. Types of congenital heart disease
There are many types of congenital heart disease and they sometimes occur in combination.
Some of the more common defects include:
•septal defects – where there's a hole between 2 of the heart's chambers (commonly
referred to as a "hole in the heart")
•coarctation of the aorta – where the main large artery of the body, called the aorta, is
narrower than normal
•pulmonary valve stenosis – where the pulmonary valve, which controls the flow of blood
out of the lower right chamber of the heart to the lungs, is narrower than normal
•transposition of the great arteries – where the pulmonary and aortic valves and the
arteries they're connected to have swapped positions
•underdeveloped heart – where part of the heart doesn’t develop properly making it difficult
for it to pump enough blood around the body or lungs

6. Congenital heart disease

7. Cyanotic defects:
Cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) is a
condition present at birth. CCHD causes low levels of
oxygen in the blood. A common symptom is a bluish
tint to the skin, called cyanosis.

8. Acyanotic defects:
Acyanotic heart disease
is a heart defect that
affects the normal flow
of blood. Examples
include a hole in the heart
wall. The condition is
present at birth but may
not cause any symptoms
or problems until later in
life. Sometimes the
problem corrects itself
during childhood.

10. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is an
extra blood vessel found in babies
before birth and just after birth. In
most babies who have an otherwise
normal heart, the PDA will shrink and
close on its own in the first few days of
life.

11. What happens with patent ductus
arteriosus?
The PDA lets oxygen-rich blood (blood high
in oxygen) from the aorta mix with oxygen-
poor blood (blood low in oxygen) in the
pulmonary artery. As a result, too much blood
flows into the lungs, which puts a strain on the
heart and increases blood pressure in the
pulmonary arteries.

12. Coarctation of aorta:
Coarctation of the aorta is a birth defect
in which a part of the aorta is
narrower than usual. If the narrowing is
severe enough and if it is not diagnosed,
the baby may have serious problems
and may need surgery or other
procedures soon after birth

13. What happens in coarctation of the
aorta?
With coarctation of the
aorta, the lower left heart
chamber (left ventricle) of
your heart works harder
to pump blood through
the narrowed aorta, and
blood pressure increases
in the left ventricle. This
may cause the wall of the
left ventricle to thicken
(hypertrophy)

14. Q :- What causes coarctation of the
aorta?
The exact cause of coarctation of the aorta is
unknown. It results from abnormalities in
development of the aorta prior to birth. Aortic
coarctation is more common in people with
certain genetic disorders, such as Turner
syndrome.

15. Tetralogy of fallot:
Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four
congenital heart defects. The four defects are
a ventricular septal defect (VSD),
pulmonary stenosis,
a misplaced aorta
and a thickened right ventricular wall (right
ventricular hypertrophy).

16. Symptoms:
•A bluish coloration of the skin caused by
low blood oxygen levels (cyanosis)
•Shortness of breath and rapid breathing,
especially during feeding or exercise.
•Poor weight gain.
•Tiring easily during play or exercise.
•Irritability.
•Prolonged crying.
•Heart murmur.
•Fainting.

17. Q: Is tetralogy of Fallot serious?
ANS: If TOF is left untreated, it can cause problems with heart rhythms, developmental
delays, and seizures. If the condition is never fixed, which is rare, it typically causes death by
the age of 20 years old. Usually, a doctor will notice the condition early on and perform
surgery to correct the problem.

18. THANKS FOR WATCHING
RITIK
Vinnytsia national medical University.