Its all about the summary of what geological episodes happened in the past that results in existence of Pakistan. And then discussion about main segments and main features of Pakistan.

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Subtitle
TECTONIC FRAMEWORK OF
PAKISTAN
PRESENTED BY :
RIMSHA RAIS
SUBJECT :
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF
PAKISTAN
PROF. :
4TH PROF (REPLICA)

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CONTENTS
 Plate Tectonics
 Tectonics of Pakistan
 Main Segments of Pakistan
 Main features of Northern Collision Belt
 Subduction Complex Association of Balochistan Basin
 Makran Ridge
 Ophiolites and Ophiolitic Melanges
 Chaman Transform Zone
 Platform Areas
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PLATE TECTONICS
Plate tectonics is an movement of plates that could be;
1. Convergent Plate Movement
2. Divergent Plate Movement
3. Transform Faults
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THE HISTORY
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PLATE TECTONICS
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THE HISTORY
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THE HISTORY
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Location of Pakistan at the intersection of Indian plate, Arabian plate and Eurasian
plate (after Shabeer Ahmed et al.,2018)

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TECTONICS OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan’s tectonics can be described by the two active convergent
boundaries ;
1. In the northeast there is an active continent-island collision boundary.
2. In the southwest, there is an active boundary of oceanic
lithosphere(oceanic part of Arabian plate) subducting beneath Afghan
microplate.
“ These two convergent boundaries are connected by a very large
displacement , left lateral strike-slip faults of Chaman Transform Zone. “
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Northeast
( Continent-
Island collision
boundary)
Chaman Transform Zone
Southeast
(Oceanic part of
Arabian plate
passing under
Makran arc-trench
and afghan
microplate)
BOUNDARIES OF PAKISTAN

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 MAIN TECTONIC SEGMENTS IN
PAKISTAN
The main tectonic segments in pakistan are;
 Northern Collision Belt
 Subduction Complex Association of Balochistan
 Chaman Transform Zone
 Ophiolites and Ophiolitic Melanges
 Platform Areas
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NORTHERN COLLISION BELT
• Northern Collision Belt of Pakistan is a part of the
Alpine-Himalayan orogeny, which is considered to
be the product of mountain belts produced by
“continental collision.”
• “ This Collision Belt, represents the stratigraphy of
Upper Indus Basin.”
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MAIN FEATURES OF NORTHERN COLLISION BELT
Main features of Northern Collision Belt from South to North are
following;
 Indian Foreland
 Salt Range
 Potwar and Kohat Plateau
 Hill Ranges
 Plio-Pleistocene Basins
 Southern Kohistan
 Nanga Parbat Massif
 Karakorum Block
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MAIN FEATURES OF NORTHERN COLLISION BELT
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1. INDIAN FORELAND
Rocks of the Indian Shield are reportedly exposed in Pakistan ;
1. Nagar Parkar
2. Kirana Hills
Kirana hills, the part of an east-southeast trending Sargodha Ridge.
Sargodha Ridge is a swell commonly developed by breaking of the
lithosphere.
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INDIAN FORELAND
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2. SALT RANGE
• Salt Range and Trans-Indus Salt Range, are the surface expressions
of the leading edge of decollement thrust in which the crystalline
basement is not involved.
• This decollement appears to be provided by the evaporates of
Eocambrian Salt Range Formation.
• This Eocambrian evaporite sequence is an effective zone of decoupling,
allowing thrusting to extend more than 100km south of Main
Boundary Thrust.
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3. POTWAR AND KOHAT PLATEAU
• This area is located north of Salt Range and Trans-Indus Salt Range
culminating in Parachinar-Kala Chitta Fold Belt.
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POTWAR PLATEAU KOHAT PLATEAU
Potwar plateau comprises the;
 Northern Folded Zone
 Platform Zone
Kohat plateau consists of;
 Kohat Eocene Salt Zone
 Bannu Depression
Potwar composed of imbricate wrench
faults which are gentle in potwar area.
The north and northwestern area of
Kohat have more tight folds and more
steeper wrench faults.
Potwar plateau influenced by two main
faults, the Kalabagh fault and the Main
Frontal Thrust.
Kohat area contained higher salt
detachment horizon(Eocene).

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Map showing elements of Potwar plateau by (after Muhammad Iqbal et al., 2001)
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4. HILL RANGES
• Similar to the Salt Range, Hill Ranges form the major
uplift where rocks from just above the detachment are
brought to the surface.
• Consists of a pair of low, interrupted mountain chains
extending from Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis to Sulaiman
Range.
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5. PLIO-PLEISTOCENE BASINS
1. These are two major currently active geomorphic features in northern Pakistan.
2. These basins were formed at the expense of southern Kohistan in the North and
Hill ranges in the South.
3. These Plio-Pliestocene basins are filled by meandering and braided river
sediments.
4. Sedimentation began 1.8 million years ago in the Campbellpur Basin and in
Peshawar basin about 3 million years ago . 20
Campbellpur
Basin
Peshawar Basin

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6. SOUTHERN KOHISTAN
• This is located north of the Plio-Pliestocene Basins .
• Dominated by the “Crystalline Metamorphic and Intrusive rocks.”
• Includes the area of Hazara- Mansehra and Lower Swat- Buner.
The area exposes Hazara, Tanawal and Abbotabad formations as also
the intrusive masses like;
1. Mansehra Granite
2. Ambela Granite
3. Malakand Granite
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7. NANGA PARBAT MASSIF
 This is characterized by the rocks which are extensively magmatized
by Himalayan age metamorphism and cross-cut by small Tertiary
tourmaline granite (intrusive bodies).
 This massif is an narrow northward extension of crystalline rocks
deep in to the Kohistan-Ladakh andesitic arc.
 Represents the western end of the Precambrian slab of the High
Himalaya.
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8. KARAKORUM BLOCK
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This is located north of
Main Karakoram Thrust,
and is a terrain of
Gondwana affinities which
was sutured to Eurasia.

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SUBDUCTION COMPLEX ASSOCIATION OF
BALOCHISTAN
• A subduction-convergence zone which is situated west of Chaman-
Ornach Nal faults.
• Its general geological setting is typical of a subduction zone complex
except for a very wide arc trench gap.
 HAMUN-I-MASHKHEL :
• “ A wide area of Quaternary cover in
Balochistan desert which can be regarded as Fore-Arc Basin.”
• Chagai Hills, Ras Koh and Saindak areas exists in the north of
Hamun-i-Mashkel Fore-Arc Basin.
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MAKRAN MARGIN
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Subduction Complex Zone of Balochistan Basin(after Arthrton et al, 1978)
Neh fault
Chaman Fault

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MAKRAN MARGIN
1. This is the accretionary wedge of sediments developed between a
“buried offshore trench” and “Quaternary volcanoes ” regarded as
the Arc-Trench gap.
2. Arabian Plate, is subducting beneath this Makran Margin, dips
gently northwards.
3. Makran margin is characterized by broad synclines separated by
sharp thrust faulted anticlines.
4. Pakistani Makran is bounded between two strike-slip fault systems,
to the west (Neh Fault) and to the east the (Chaman Transform
Zone). 26

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CHAMAN TRANSFORM ZONE
 This is most important tectonic feature connecting the Makran
Convergent Margin to the Himalayan Convergence Zone in the north.
 It is about 100kms wide in south, 30 to 40 kms between the Khuzdar
and Quetta.
Rock Type:
 Rock type of this zone is the Khojak Flysch of Oligocene/ Miocene age.
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CHAMAN TRANSFORM ZONE
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Tectonic Framework of Pakistan(after Abdul Farah et
al,1984)
Makran
Convergence
Zone
Himalayan
Convergence
Zone
Chaman
Fault

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CHAMAN TRANSFORM FAULT
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Tectonic Map of Indian-Afghan Collision Zone

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 OPHIOLITES AND OPHIOLITIC MELANGES
OPHIOLITES
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Snake Stone
 The name is because ophiolites have similarity in
COLOR and TEXTURE with Snakes.
 The eastern edge of the transform zone is associated with
ophiolites.

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LIST OF OPHIOLITES IN PAKISTAN
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MUSLIMBAGH OPHIOLITES
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“Bouger gravity anomalies of the Muslimbagh area indicates
that the flysch deposits are underlain by continental crust, not
by oceanic crust.”
The Muslimbagh ophiolites exposed in the Zhob Valley in
Quetta.
ZHOB OPHIOLITES
• Zhob ophiolite exposed in NE of the Muslimbagh ophiolites.
• These ophiolites located between Chaman transform
fault and Indian shield.

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TECTONIC MAP OF MUSLIM BAGH OPHIIOLITES

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BELA OPHIOLITES
• Bela ophiolites were emplaced as a result of “ Oblique
Convergence ” between the Indian Plate and the Neo-Tethys
giving rise to “mixed continental and oceanic rocks.”
• The Bela Ophiolitic Belt is approximately 380km long
situated in the south-western part of the kirthar mountains
and is surrounded by Chaman transform Ornach -Nal
fault, which is the active transform boundary of the Indo
Pakistan.
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WAZIRISTAN OPHIOLITES
• The Waziristan ophiolites are exposed along the western
margin of Indian plate.
• Waziristan ophiolites also name as Khost ophiolites.
• It contains ultramafic rocks like hurzburgite, dunite and
pyroxenite.
• Emplaced during “Tertiary period”.
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PLATFORM AREAS
 Eastern most features of Pakistan.
 Much stable areas
 Monoclinal strata rest atop crystalline basement.
 Cambrian to Siwaliks on lap against this basement.
“PLATFORM AREAS FORMS THE SOUTH-EASTERN PART OF
LOWER INDUS BASIN” 36
PUNJAB
PLATFORM
THAR PLATFORM
PLATFORM AREAS

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REFERENCES
 Petroleum Geology of Pakistan by (IQBAL B. KADRI )
 Geology and Tectonics Of Pakistan (KAZMI and JAN)
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