Differentiation is the law of nature. Human society is not homogenous rather it is heterogeneous. Human being differs from one another in many respects. If we look around us, we find that society is purely heterogeneous in nature. •Here are the rich, there are the poor, here are the industrialists, there is the labor, here are the rulers there are the sweepers. Everywhere society is divided into classes, economic, social, political, and religious perspectives. •Social stratification means division of society into different classes. The study of social stratification is a crucial subject because of its pervasive influence on human interactions and institutions. According to Richard T. Schaefer- “Social stratification is a structure ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society.” • According to Pascual Gisbert-“Social stratification is the division of society into permanent groups or categories linked with each other by the relationship or superiority and subordination.”

1. Socialization: Chapter Five
ASM Shafiqul Islam
PhD (in progress), The University of Auckland, New Zealand
MPhil( Norway), MSc (Sweden, Norway & UK, MSS & BSS (DU)
Assistant Professor
School of Business and Economies
United International University
Summer, 2023:Lecture 5&6

2.  Generally, socialization is the process whereby
people learn the attitudes, values, and actions
appropriate for members of a particular culture
(Schaefer, 2010:76).
 From a micro-sociological perspective,
socialization helps us to discover how to behave
“properly” and what to expect from others if we
follow society’s norms and values.
 From a macro-sociological perspective,
socialization provides for the transmission of a
culture from one generation to the next and
thereby for the long-term continuance of society.
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What is Socialization?

3. Thus socialization is a learning process that
involves the development or changes in the
individual’s sense of ‘self’, group culture, etc.
When your parents teach you how to behave
politely, when your teachers teach you about
your country’s history, when a priest teaches you
to behave a certain way (i.e. listen to God’s
commandments), you are being socialized.
When you are being socialized, you are taking
part (willingly or unwillingly) in a learning process.
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What is Socialization?

4. • Human Development: Nature versus Nurture
• Social Isolation
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Social Experience: The Key to our Humanity

5. Charles Darwin…naturally…Idea of Nature
Why people differ in their behavior ?
Behavior is instinctive or learned ??
How nature or biological factor is important
for our behavior ???
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Human Development: Nature versus
Nurture
The Importance of Nature

6. Social Behaviorism
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John B. Watson came up with the theory of social
behaviorism in 1913…
His theory stated that human behavior was not
instinctive, but learned. Idea of Nurture
In short, Watson rooted human behavior not
in nature but in nurture.
The Importance of Nurture

7. Social Isolation
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In 1962, psychologists Harry and
Margaret Harlow observed rhesus
monkeys.
Six month’s Isolation….
Three month’s Isolation …..

8. Social Isolation
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What in human society….many facts…how many we can
see/observe…
Isabelle ….Ohio …discovered in 1939 at the age of
6….she scored like a child of 9 months old. She could
improve later.
Genie…Californian ---discovered in 1970…isolated for
11 years from the age of around 2 years …when she was
discovered at her 13 years of age, then she scored like
child of 1 year. Could not gain full language ability…

9. Understanding Socialization
Sigmund Freud: The Elements of Personality
Freud says that humans respond to two
fundamental needs or drives. First, humans have
a basic for bonding, which Freud termed the life
instinct. The second is an aggressive drive he
called the death instinct.
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10. Understanding Socialization
Freud developed a three-part model of personality: id,
ego, and superego.
The id represents the human being's basic drives, which
are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction.
The ego represents a person’s conscious efforts to
balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the
demands of society.
The superego is cultural values and norms internalized by
the individual. The superego is a conscious drive, and it
helps us grasp why we cannot have everything that we
want.
The id and superego remain in conflict, but in a well-
adjusted person, the ego manages these two opposing
forces. If conflicts are not resolved during childhood,
Freud claimed they may surfaces as personality disorders
later on.
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11. Understanding Socialization
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This is boring
Why am I doing this?
YouTube
FB
Doing my homework is
the right thing to do
TV
Ego
I should do it for my
good career
Reward Vs. Punishment
This Homework is a bit boring, and I want to do
something more pleasurable but if I do not make it, I
might fail my exam or my class
ID Superego
-Unconscious
-Satisfaction of basic needs
-Pleasure Principle
-Immediate Gratification
-Conscious
-Reality Principle
-Mediator between ID
and Superego
-Mostly unconscious
-Moral Principle
-Right and Wrong
-Rules, Moral and Norms
Ego
Superego
1
2
3
ID

13. Understanding Socialization
George Herbert Mead: The Social Self
Mead's central thought is self, a dimension of
personality composed of an individual's self-
awareness and self-image.
First, Mead said that the self is absent at birth and
develops. The self is not a part of the body and it does
not exist at birth. Mead rejected the view that humans
have biological drives (Freud's view) or develop only
with biological maturation (Piaget's view).
Second, the self develops only with social experience
as the individual interact with others.
Third, Mead claimed social experience is symbolic
interaction or the exchange of symbols.
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14. Understanding Socialization
George Herbert Mead: The Social Self
Fourth, humans comprehend intention by
learning to take the role of the other.
Charles Cooley coined the phrase looking glass
self to mean a conception of self based on the
responses of others. We come to know ourselves
from how others think and act toward us.
Mead's fourth argument is that, by taking the
role of another we become self-reflective.
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15. ►The Family
►The School
►The Peer Group
►The Workplace
►The Mass Media
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Agents of Socialization

16.  Childhood
 Adolescence
 Adulthood
 Old Age
 Death and Dying
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Socialization and the Life Course

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Gender Socialization and Gender Roles

18. Re-socialization refers to the process of
discarding former behavior patterns and
accepting new ones as part of a
transition in one's life.
Re-socialization is a two-part process:
•Breaking down inmates’ existing identity
•Building a new self through a system of
rewards and punishments
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19. This term was coined in 1961 by Erving
Goffman and was designed to describe
a society, which is generally cut off from
the rest of society but still provides for all
the needs of its members. Therefore,
total institutions have the ability to re-
socialize people either voluntarily or
involuntarily.
For example, the following would be
considered as total institutions: prisons,
the military, mental hospitals, convents,
etc. (Schaefer & Lamm, 1992: 113).
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Total Institution

20. Goffman lists four characteristics of such institutions:
All aspects of life are conducted in the same place
and under the same single authority.
Each phase of a member’s daily activity is carried out
in the immediate company of others. All members are
treated alike and all members do the same thing
together.
Daily activities are tightly scheduled. All activity is
superimposed upon the individual by a system of explicit
formal rules.
A single rational plan exists to fulfill the goals of the
institution.
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Total Institution

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Question?

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MCQ, Fill in the gaps, true/false
Short Question
1. What is socialization? Discuss the debate between
nature vs. nurture
2. What was the basic reason for the experiment on Social
Isolation by Harry and Margaret Harlow?
3. Briefly explain Freud's Model of Personality
4. What is the difference between Sigmund Freud and
George Herbert Mead’s theory
5. What is re-socialization and why do we need this?
6. What is the total institution? What are the characteristics
of the total institution?
7. How do gender roles become different?
Broad Question
1. Discuss the agents of socialization, illustrating examples
from your own society.
Making the grade

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