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1. III. Water Treatment
Topic III.1. Methods, Processes, Technologies
and Units for Water Treatment
They depend on the coarse water quality and the water use requirements.
Basic Methods for Water Treatment
 Clarification
 For turbidity removal
 Decolourization
 For colour removal
 Organoleptic improvement
 For taste and smelt removal
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2. Basic Methods for Water Treatment
 Water chemical content regulation
 For dissolved substances regulation
(CO2, Fe+2, Mn-, HCO3
-, Mg-, Cl-, F-, O2)
 Disinfection
 For bacteria removal
 Desalination
 For potable water production from sea water
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3. Basic Processes for Water Treatment
 Precipitation
 For coarse suspended solids removal
 Clarification
 For fine suspended solids removal
 Filtration
 For fine suspended and colloidal particles removal
 Ultra-filtration/Inverted osmosis
 For sea water desalination
 For molecular screening
 Coagulation/Contact coagulation/Flocculation
 For colloidal impurities removal
 For send filtration enhancement 3

4. Basic Processes for Water Treatment
 Chlorination
 For disinfection
 For decolourization
 For organics removal
 For ammonia removal
 Chemical treatment
 For fine and colloidal particles removal
 For dissolved substances regulation
 Ion exchange
 For ion substances removal
 Aeration
 For dissolved oxygen supply and regulation
 Cooling
 For water temperature regulation 4

5. Basic Water Treatment Technologies
Classification
I. According to the degree of purification
 For deep purification
 For partial purification
II. According to chemicals usage
 With reagent treatment
 Without reagent treatment
III. According to technological stages
 One stage technological flowsheet (scheme)
 Two stages technological flowsheet (scheme)
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6. Water Treatment Units
Kinds
I. For clarification
 Settlers (Settling tanks)
 Separators
 Clarifiers
II. For screening
 Racks
 Macro-mash screens
 Micro-mash screens
III. For filtration
 High rate send filters
 Low rate send filters
 Carbon filters
 Multi-layers filter 6

7. Water Treatment Units
Kinds
IV. For reagent treatment
 Reservoirs (premises, vessels) for reagents keeping
 Reservoirs (vessels) for reagents solution preparing
 Equipment for reagents dosing
 Mixing chambers for reagents and water
 Reactors
 Flocculation chambers
 Upflow sludge blanket clarifiers
 Contact (send) clarifiers
 High rate send filters
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8. Water Treatment Units
V. For disinfecting
a) With chlorine
 Chlorine keeping vessels
 Chlorine dosing devices
 Chlorine regulation devices
b) With ozone
 Ozone generators
 Ozone dozing equipment
c) With ultraviolet rays
 Ultraviolet lamps
 Disinfecting reactors
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9. Water Treatment Units
VI. For water cooling
 Cooling towers
 Cooling basins
VII. For sea water desalination
 Ultra-filtering/Inverted osmosis membranes
 Ultra-filtering/Inverted osmosis units
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10. Basic Water Treatment Technological Schemes
One Stage Technological Scheme without Reagent Treatment
1 - inlet distributing chamber; 2 - flow meter; 3 - preliminary (coarse send) filter; 4 - low rate
send filter; reservoir for purified water; 6 - chlorination station
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11. Basic Water Treatment Technological Schemes
Two Stages Technological Scheme: Reagent Treatment
with Settlers
1 - inlet distributing chamber; 2 - flow meter; 3 - reactor (for taste and smelt removal);
4 - chorizontal mixing chamber; 5 - reacting chamber (for flocculation); 6 - horizontal settler;
7 - high rate send filter; 8 - reservoir for purified water; 9 - vessels for preparing of carbon
powder mixture; 10 - vessels for reagents; 11 - chlorination station 11

12. Basic Water Treatment Technological Schemes
Two Stages Technological Scheme: Reagent Treatment
with Upflow Sludge Blanket Clarifiers
1 - fine mesh-screens; 2 - inlet distribution chamber; 3 - flow meter; 4 - vertical mixing
chamber; 5 - upflow sludge blanket clarifier; 6 - high rate send filter; 7 - reservoir for
purified water; 8 - vessels for lime solution; 9 - vessels for coagulant solution; 10 - vessels
for flocculant solution; 11 - chlorination station 12

13. Basic Water Treatment Technological Schemes
Two Stages Technological Scheme: Reagent Treatment
with Contact (Send) Clarifiers
1 - inflow distribution chamber; 2 - flow meter; 3 - fine-mesh screens; 4 - mechanical-mixing
chamber; 5 - contact (send) clarifier; 6 - reservoir for purified water; 7 - vessels for
coagulant solution; 8 - vessels for fluorine; 9 - chlorination station 13