torque and force measuring instruments,/ torque measuring measuring instrument / force measuring instruments/

2. INTRODUCTION OF TORQUE
 Torque, moment, or moment of force is
the rotational equivalent of
linear force. The concept originated with
the studies of Archimedes on the usage
of levers. Just as a linear force is a push or
a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist
to an object. The term torque was
introduced into English scientific literature
by James Thomson, the brother of Lord
Kelvin, in 1884.However, torque is referred
to using different vocabulary depending on
geographical location and field of study.
This article refers to the definition used in
US physics in its usage of the
word torque. In the UK and in
US mechanical engineering, torque is
referred to as moment of force, usually
shortened to moment. In US physics and
UK physics terminology these terms are
interchangeable, unlike in US mechanical
engineering, where the term torque is used
for the closely related "resultant moment of
a couple

3. INTRODUCTION OF FORCE
 In physics, a force is any interaction that,
when unopposed, will change the motion of
an object A force can cause an object
with mass to change its velocity (which
includes to begin moving from a state of
rest), i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be
described intuitively as a push or a pull. A
force has both magnitude and direction,
making it a vector quantity. It is measured
in the SI unit of newtons and represented
by the symbol F.
 The original form of Newton's second
law states that the net force acting upon an
object is equal to the rate at which
its momentum changes with time. If the
mass of the object is constant, this law
implies that the acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force acting
on the object, is in the direction of the net
force, and is inversely proportional to
the mass of the object.

4. TORQUE MESURMENT INSTRUMENT
 A Torque Gauge:- Torque Gauge is as
the name, a measuring instrument of
Torque (= Force x Distance). It is used for a
variety of turning, twisting or rotating force
measurements such as a check of screw
fasten torque, bottle opening/closure test,
durable twist test of PCB etc. →See the
applications of torque measurement.
IMADA torque gauges and torque
testers provide accurate torque
measurement results. The highest
sampling speed 2000 data/sec is ideal for
capturing accurate peak torque in both
direction (CW/CCW). In addition, the
torque transition is able to be drawn into a
graph at 2000 data/sec with an optional
software. The detailed torque analyses are
possible (Depending on the torque gauge
and torque tester). Also, IMADA has a lot
of types of torque gauge attachments.
They enable various torque measurements
and offer the suitable measurement for
your needs.

5. TORQUE SENSOR
 A torque sensor, torque
transducer or torque meter is a device for
measuring and recording the torque on a
rotating system, such as
an engine, crankshaft, gearbox, transmissi
on, rotor, a bicycle crank or cap torque
tester. Static torque is relatively easy to
measure. Dynamic torque, on the other
hand, is not easy to measure, since it
generally requires transfer of some effect
(electric, hydraulic or magnetic) from the
shaft being measured to a static system.
 One way to achieve this is to condition the
shaft or a member attached to the shaft
with a series of permanent magnetic
domains. The magnetic characteristics of
these domains will vary according to the
applied torque, and thus can be measured
using non-contact sensors. Such magneto
elastic torque sensors are generally used
for in-vehicle applications on racecars,
automobiles, aircraft, and hovercraft

6. FORCE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
 A digital force gauge is basically a
handheld instrument that contains a load
cell, electronic part, software and a display.
A load cell is an electronic device that is
used to convert a force into an electrical
signal. Through a mechanical
arrangement, the force being sensed
deforms a strain gauge. The strain gauge
converts the deformation (strain) to
electrical signals. The software and
electronics of the force gauge convert the
voltage of the load cell into a force value
that is displayed on the instrument.
Test units of force measurements are most
commonly newton or pounds. The peak
force is the most common result in force
testing applications. It is used to determine
if a part is good or not. Some examples of
force measurement: door latch, quality of
spring, wire testing, strength ... but more
complicated tests can be performed like
peeling, friction, texture

7. STRAIN GAGE
 Strain Gage :- Strain gage
is one of the most popular
types of transducer. It has
got a wide range of
applications. It can be used
for measurement of force,
torque, pressure,
acceleration and many other
parameters. The basic
principle of operation of a
strain gage is simple: when
strain is applied to a thin
metallic wire, its dimension
changes, thus changing the
resistance of the wire. Let us
first investigate what are the
factors, responsible for the
change in resistance.

8. FORCE-SENSING RESISTOR
 A force-sensing resistor is a material
whose resistance changes when
a force, pressure or mechanical stress is applied.
They are also known as "force-sensitive resistor"
and are sometimes referred to by
the initialism "FSR“Force-sensing resistors
consist of a conductive polymer, which changes
resistance in a predictable manner following
application of force to its surface. They are
normally supplied as a polymer sheet or ink that
can be applied by screen printing. The sensing
film consists of both electrically conducting and
non-conducting particles suspended in matrix.
The particles are sub-micrometre sizes, and are
formulated to reduce the temperature
dependence, improve mechanical properties and
increase surface durability. Applying a force to the
surface of the sensing film causes particles to
touch the conducting electrodes, changing the
resistance of the film. As with all resistive based
sensors, force-sensing resistors require a
relatively simple interface and can operate
satisfactorily in moderately hostile environments.
Compared to other force sensors, the advantages
of FSRs are their size (thickness typically less
than 0.5 mm), low cost and good shock
resistance. A disadvantage is their low precision:
measurement results may differ 10% and
more. Force-sensing capacitors offer superior
sensitivity and long term stability, but require
more complicated drive electronics.

9. APPLICATION OF THIS INSTRUMENTS
 Using this instruments we can find the force
acting on the any rod pipe etc…
 Using this instruments we calculating torque
and force how much required to handling any
structure.
 If we calculating torque and force applied by any
instruments so we can work on this instrument
to find standard value of force and torque what
we need .
 Using this instruments we are able to find
correct values of force & Torque .

10. REFERENCES
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_sensor
 http://www.n-gineric.com/index.php/en/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force-sensing_resistor
 http://mark-
10.com/force_gauge.html?gclid=Cj0KCQiA7IDiBRCL
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 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_gauge
 https://www.forcegauge.net/en/category/torquegauge-
en