This document summarizes a paper that reviews various schemes for generating electric power from renewable energy resources. It discusses schemes that utilize wind, solar, geothermal, ocean, and hydro energy. It notes the intermittent nature of most renewable resources and discusses hybrid systems and energy storage methods to provide continuous power. It also addresses the challenges of high generation costs and the need for further technological development to produce power at a lower cost and constant output.

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Renewable Energy Systems for Generating
Electric Power: A Review
Bahadur Singh PaliI and Shelly Vadhera
2
I
Member IEEE, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
E-mail:
I
bahadursinghpali@gmail. com.
2
shelly_vadhera@rediffinail. com
Abstract-This paper reviews various schemes utilized
for generating electric power from renewable energy
resources, which are suitable for interconnecting with a
power grid as weil as for using as an isolated system. As all
the renewable energy resources except geothermal energy,
being c1imate dependent, the power generated from them is
of varying magnitude--even sometimes no power is generated
at all. The other drawbacks are the poor power quality and
the high cost of generation, which are the big challenges for
meeting the target of ever increasing demand of electric
power by renewable energy systems in an efficient and
effective way. The various schemes described in the literature
for improving the power quality as weil as the overall
performance of the system by using developed technologies
involving power electronics, are reviewed in the paper. In
order to achieve the continuous power of constant magnitude
up to the satisfactory level, the hybrid schemes using two or
more renewable energy sources or any conventional system
with some energy storage methods for backup are also
discussed. Despite this technological development, still an
urgent need to further investigate some other renewable
energy source or scheme to provide continuous energy of
constant magnitude at low cost is earnestly observed in
the paper.
Keywords-renewable energy source; hybrid generation;
wind energy system; solar energy; constant voltage; constant
jrequency.
I. INTRODUCTION
The renewable energy resources, also called
alternative, sustainable or nonconventional energy, are the
energies which are obtained from natural resources and
are naturally replenished such as wind, solar, hydro,
geothermal, biomass and ocean energies. The worldwide
ever increasing demand of electricity and diminishing
fossil fuels reserves make the renewable energies in high
demand all over the world. Moreover, there are so many
such remote and rural areas, which still have no electricity.
Even in rural India, there are about 72 million households
who have no access to electricity [1, 2]. So, one of the
appreciable use of nonconventional energy sources is to
electrify such rural areas and remote villages, which are
far from the transmission lines and power stations, where
the installation of transmission lines is not economically
viable.
The renewable energy resources, as being clean, are
environment friendly and inexhaustible. However, with
978-1-4673-8587-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE [1]
such fascinating features, they also have several
limitations and challenges as weIl. Their use is still
slightly restricted because of some of their drawbacks. The
first one, among the major drawbacks, is their dependency
on climate, because of which these energies continuously
vary and the power available from them at particular
location is not of constant magnitude at all the times. Even
at some instants it becomes zero--as an example, the solar
energy at night or in cloudy days. However, this problem
has been overcome to some extent by using the hybrid
systems combining with other types of renewable energy
systems or with any one of the conventional systems like
diesel-engine driven generator. For further reliable and
continuous operation of the system, some energy storing
scheme is used as a backup arrangement.
Second drawback is the high cost of generation.
Except the geothermal energy, the power generation from
all the renewable energy resources, up to the satisfactory
level, is very costly as compared to conventional energy
systems. The third major one is the development of
technology and to commercialize it. The technology for
some renewable energy sources is still in progress for
generating continuous power of improved quality and of
constant magnitude throughout the day. Even, in spite of
worldwide rapid growth in wind power generation with
the fast development of wind power technologies and
development of various wind turbine (WT) concepts, the
wind energy conversion system (WECS) is still needed to
be more cost-competitive [3]. The various renewable
energy systems and schemes for power generation are
discussed in following sections of the paper. The wind and
solar energies are discussed in section 11 and III, while the
sections IV, V and VI describe the geothermal energy,
ocean energy and hydro power respectively. Conclusions
are given in section VII of the paper.
11. WIND ENERGY
The wind power, as being more or less always
available everywhere, has the fastest growth in many
developed and developing countries worldwide. In last 20
years its annual rate of increase is 30% in the world [3, 4].
In Germany, as an example, the installed capacity of wind
power is more than 20 GW with an approximate yearly
output of 40 TWh in 2007 [5]. The rapid growth in wind

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power as well as in its technological development made it
an alternative to conventional energy systems.
Consequently the wind energy systems have made a
significant contribution to the daily life in developing
countries, where there is no access of electricity to the one
third population of the world [6-8].
Wind, which results from air in motion, possesses
kinetic energy by virtue of its motion. If any device slows
down the motion of moving air can extract a part of the
wind energy and utilize it in some useful work. In electric
generation the WT extracts energy from wind in motion
and rotates the electric generator. The power output
extracted from the wind by a WECS depends upon the
wind speed, the cross section area of the wind swept by
the WT rotor, the efficiencies of the WT, gear
system, electric generator and mechanical transmission
system [9-11].
Almost all the WECSs utilize the induction generator
[IG] as energy conversion device, because of its many
advantages over synchronous generators [12-14]. Various
voltage control schemes of WECS with IG are given in
literature. One of them using stator oriented field control
is discussed in [15]. The schemes used for maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) for WECSs are proposed in
[16-24]. The IG and the various schemes used for electric
power generation from the wind energy are described
below:
A. Induction Generator
Increasing power generation from WECSs and from
other renewable energy resources has made the use of IG
more and more popular [13], [25-28]. Accordingly their
technological development has also progressed. They are
designed according to applications and their suitability to
various types of schemes available. So many schemes
using IGs-single-phase and three-phase-used in grid
connected or in isolated systems are available in literature.
Several practical configurations of a grid tied single-phase
induction generator (SPIG) are given in [29]. The
modeling, excitation capacitance requirement, steady-state
and transient performance of SPIGs are explored in [30-
38]. The other types of IGs are self-excited induction
generator (SEIG) and doubly-fed induction generator
(DFIG) also called wound rotor induction generator
(WRIG) which are described in [39-42]. An overview of
3-phase SEIG is given in [12].The steady-state and
transient analysis and modeling of SEIGs are given in
[43-51]. The bibliography on the application of IG in
nonconventional energy systems is given [13]. The
generating schemes involving wind energy using the
above IGs are broadly c1assified as under:
B. Constant-Speed Constant-Frequency (CSCF)
In this scheme, the speed of the wind turbine rotor is
kept constant by adjusting the blade pitch and generator
[2]
characteristics [52]. The synchronous generators or IGs
are used which feed the generated power to the grid. But,
because of simple operation, easy control and low
maintenance cost, IGs are commonly preferred to use
instead of synchronous generators. They also have no
problem of synchronization. The IGs operate at a slip of
1-5% above the synchronous speed.
C. Variable-Speed Constant-Frequency (VSCF)
This scheme of WECSs yields higher output for both
high and low wind speeds [52-56]. In this scheme both
vertical as weH as horizontal axis WTs can be used. This
scheme is suitable to obtain constant frequency output from
a variable wind speed by using an AC-DC-AC link. The 3-
phase ac output is rectified by a high powered thyristor
controlIed bridge rectifier and then the dc output is again
converted in ac by a line commutated inverter. The
frequency is automatically controlIed by the grid [55, 57].
D. Double Output Induction Generator (DOIG)
In this scheme a WRIG is used, whose stator
terminals are connected to the power grid [58-72]. The
variable frequency output is fed to the grid through an ac­
dc-ac link consisting of a combination of a full wave
bridge rectifier and a thyristor inverter. But the scheme
has some drawbacks like poor power factor, more
maintenance cost and low reliability, because of which the
scheme is not extensively used. Moreover it is not suitable
for isolated systems, because it requires grid supply for its
excitation.
E. Variablet-Speed Variable-Frequency (VSVF)
In this scheme, the SEIG is conveniently used.
Because of variable speed the output frequency is also
variable. So this scheme is suitable for resistive loads like
heating loads where frequency does not affect the load
[25-28].
III. SOLAR ENERGY
Photovoltaic (PV) cell also called solar cell converts
the solar energy received from the sun into the dc electric
power. When many PV cells-typically 36-are connected
in series, the combination is called a module. To increase
voltage magnitude and current supplying capacity for
larger solar plants, many PV modules are connected in
series and in parallel to form a PV array. The dc output is
converted into ac by using a suitable inverter.
The photovoltaic systems, like the WECSs, may be
grid-connected or stand-alone. For continuous power, the
solar energy plants are commonly designed with some
backup arrangement and in hybrid combination with any
other energy system-either conventional or
nonconventional. In literature, so many hybrid schemes
combining with solar energy are available. In [73] a
review of the current state of the simulation, optimization

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and control techniques for the stand-alone hybrid solar­
wind energy systems with battery storage is given. In [74]
a comprehensive supervisor control for a hybrid system
that comprises wind and photovoltaic generation
subsystems with a battery backup and ac-load, is
developed. In [75] a hybrid energy system combining
variable speed WT, solar PV and a fuel cell to residential
power application is given. In this scheme wind and PV
cell are the main source of energy and fuel cells are used
as backup. The result shows that even sun and wind are
not there, the system is reliable and can supply high
quality of power to the load. The methods to determine
optimum generation capacity and storage needed for a
stand-alone wind, PV and hybrid windlPV systems for an
experimental site in a remote area in Montana with a
typical residential load are described in [76]. A description
to optimize the capacity sizes of different components of
hybrid solar-wind power generation system employing a
battery bank is given in [77]. A system having a
combination of PV, WT and battery storage via a common
dc bus is given in [78]. A low pass filter is used in the
system for power averaging. In the paper the power
control strategies of a grid connected hybrid generation
system with versatile power transfer, is discussed. An
optimum design model is proposed in [79] for designing
hybrid solar-wind system employing battery banks for
calculating the system optimum configurations and
ensuring that the annual cost of the system is minimized.
Small signal stability analysis results of an autonomous
renewable energy power generation/energy storage system
connected to isolated loads using time domain simulation
is presented in [80]. The system includes 3 WTs, a diesel
generator, two fuel cells and a PV system. The energy
storage system consists of a battery energy storage system.
An economic evaluation of a hybrid system for a typical
horne in the Pacific Northwest is performed in [81]. 1t is a
hybrid system consisting of wind, PV and fuel cello Fuzzy
optimization based technique is proposed in [82] for solar
array control. An MPPT system for PV arrays, also based
on fuzzy control, is discussed in [83].
IV. GEOTHERMALENERGY
The thermal energy trapped beneath and within the
solid crust of the earth is known as the geothermal energy.
This energy exists in the form of steam, hot water and hot
or molten rock. It is naturally released in the form of
geysers, hot springs and volcanic eruptions.
Geothermal energy is inexhaustible, available
continuously all the year around at low cost as compared
to other renewable energies. It has very vast potential. Up
to 2010, 24 countries are generating power with a total
capacity of 10. 7 GW from this energy. However, 88% of
this is generated only in seven countries.
India has reasonably good potential for geothermal
energy. 10, 600 MW of power can be produced from this
energy, but experts say only for 100 MW. However, yet
[3]
no geothermal power projects have been exploited at all.
About 300 thermal springs are known to occur in India,
falling in Himalayan region as well as in Peninsular
region. Overall 31 areas have been examined in detail
and finally shallow drilling has been done in 16 areas
only [84].
In Western United States, 20 plants are providing
2200 MW of clean and reliable power from geothermal
energy. Currently identified resources could provide over
20, 000 MW of power in US and undiscovered resources
might provide 5 times of that amount [85]. The state of the
art in harnessing geothermal power in medium and large
scale generation of electricity is discussed in [86]. This
paper reviews current, probable, possible and potential
developments both in developed and developing countries
in near future and long term. The United States possesses
vast underground stores of heat whose full potential has
yet to be realized. The energy content of domestic
geothermal resources to a depth of 3 km is estimated to be
3 million quads, equivalent to 30, 000 years supply of
energy at the current rate of the US [87].
The salient features of various types of geothermal
energy resources which are potentially viable for
exploitation are discussed in [88].
In order to utilize geothermal energy for power
generation, about 2-3 km or more deep wells are drilled
into underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot
water that drive the turbines and electric generators. Four
types of power plants operating today are named below:
A. Flashed Steam Plant
Extremely hot water from drill holes is released from
deep reservoirs at high pressure steam (flashed steam).
The heat is extracted from the hot dry rock.
B. Dry Steam Plant
In these plants usually the geysers are the main source
of dry steam.
C. Binary Power Plant
The binary process does not take steam from the
geothermal fluid direct1y to the turbine. By removing only
the heat from the brine, the binary process offers higher
utilization efficiencies.
D. Hybrid PowerPlant
The boiling water as well as steam are produced
which are used to drive turbines for power generation.
V. OCEAN ENERGY
Energy available from oceans is known as ocean
energy. The technologies for generating electric power
from the ocean include tidal power, wave power, ocean
thermal energy, ocean currents, ocean winds and salinity
gradients. Out of this six, the first three technologies are

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most developed. The tidal power requires large tidal
difference, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is
limited to tropical regions and wave energy has a more
general application.
India, having an extremely long cost-line, has suitable
oceanic conditions. India's potential for OTEC is
extensive [89]. Sea is a limitless source of power and is a
challenging environment, so in order to exploit wave
energy commercially a number of key components are
required. However, wave technology is one of the most
exciting areas of untapped energy potential. Right now,
there are very few ocean energy power plants and most are
fairly small. But the question is-how can we get the
energy from the ocean at competitive cost? Methods for
power generation from tidal, wave and OTEC along with
types of turbines are described in [90]. A very low power
was harvested in [91] by using graphite fiber-based
electrodes. The anode embedded in marine sediments and
cathode in proximal sea water. The ocean is a vast source
of potential energy resources. So, the investment in
developing the technology in ocean energy as the
renewable energy is likely to grow [92]. Research in
OTEC, wave energy and off-shore wave energy has led
promising technologies and in some cases commercial
development too. OTEC could supply power of the order
of a few terawatts [93]. There is a possibility to use 3-
phase permanent magnet linear generator to convert sea
wave into electric energy below 10 kW [94]. The tidal
energy and wave power with their status and resource
potential are discussed in [95].
VI. HYDRO POWER PLANT
In hydro power plants (HPP), the kinetic energy
tapped from flowing water or received from the falling
water from some height (calIed head), is used to rotate the
turbine and the generator to generate electric power. The
technology of HPPs is fully developed and has been
completely commercialized. The power generation from
hydro power is cheaper in cost as compared to other
renewable energies. Only difficuIty is the availability of
water at the place of generation. So these plants are
instalIed at a place where water is available.
Depending upon power generated, Central Electricity
Authority categorizes HPPs in three ways as given below:
• Micro (up to 100 kW),
• Mini (101 to 1000kW)
• Small (1001 to 6000kW).
On the basis of head, these plants are again classified
as: UItra Low Head (below 3 m), Low Head (between 3 to
30 m), Medium Head (between 30 to 75m) and High Head
(above 75 m). Many schemes are available for power
generation from hydro power [96, 97]. In hybrid
generation schemes, the hydro power is sometimes used
with other renewable energies-especially with wind
energy as a backup arrangement. [98]. Both types of
[4]
generators-synchronous or induction, can be used. But as
being more beneficial, the use of induction generator is
now preferred [12, 13]. The design of single-phase IG is
given in [99]. Analysis and design of electronic load
controller for SEIG is given in [100, 101].
Further, it is worthwhile to mention that except the
hydro power generation, in the field of all other renewable
energy systems, there is still continuous requirement of
research and development for further improving the
system performance, establishing techniques for accurate
output prediction, reliable integrating technologies for
hybrid combination of renewable energy resources
[73, 102].
VII. CONCLUSION
Today, the electric power generation from renewable
energy resources is growing very fast in every country of
the world either developing or developed. The paper
reviewed these energy sources along with the schemes,
which are utilized for electric power generation. The
development and the commercialization of the established
technologies, the present and future potential of
developing energy sourees, the power quality and the
power generation cost along with benefits and drawbacks
are also compared and discussed in the paper.
Despite the so many obvious benefits of power
generation from renewable energy systems, they all suffer
with many drawbacks. The major among them are the
discontinuity and variation in power, high generation cost,
complex-design of generation and control-schemes. So, in
order to meet the world-wide increasing demand of
renewable energy conversion systems, an urgent need of
some sustainable source or scheme for continuous and
constant power generation at low cost is deeply observed
in the paper.
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