1. OSM – Prof. Rajesh Satpathy

2. Management
Theories
The Management Science School:
During World War II the United Kingdom was faced with many
complex problems. Operational research teams composed of
mathematicians, physicists & other scientists were set up. These
teams pooled their knowledge to solve problems.
After the war these ideas were applied to industrial problems
which could not be solved by conventional means. With the
development of the electronic computer, these procedures became
formalized into a ‘management science’ school.

3. Management
Theories
The ‘Management science’ school, by its use of computers and
quantitative analysis, has made it possible to consider the effect of
a number of variables in an organization which may otherwise have
been overlooked.
This approach to management uses precise quantitative techniques like:
>> Quantitative Management—utilizes linear programming, modeling,
simulation systems.
>> Operations Management—techniques to analyze all aspects of the
production system.
>> Total Quality Management (TQM)—focuses on improving quality throughout
an organization.
>> Management Information Systems (MIS)—provides information about the
organization.

4. What is
Planning?
“In planning, we understand the past, envision the future and
manage the present”.
Planning is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior and is as
old as mankind. Planning in organizations and public policy is both
the organizational process of creating and maintaining a plan; and
the psychological process of thinking about the activities required
to create a desired goal on some scale.

5. What is
Planning?
Planning is a forward looking process and hence it looks into the
future. Planning is the basic process aided by it we select our goals
and determine the ways to realize them. A lot of information is
gathered and processed during plan formulation. In planning we
have to put the gathered information together properly.
This topic has two sections. They are:
>> Purpose of Planning
>> Steps of Planning

6. Purpose of
Planning
Organizations often collapse and projects fail not because of the
shortage of resources, but because of poor planning.
Primarily the purpose of planning is to find answers to the
following questions:
>> Why am I preparing this plan?
>> What am I trying to achieve?
>> What resources do I need to execute the plan?
>> How I find the resources?

7. Steps of
Planning
Establish the goal:
Establishing goal is the process of taking decision on what the
individual/business/organization wants to achieve within a given
time frame. Awareness of the opportunities and their evaluation in
the light of the organizational strengths and weaknesses is essential
to set goals in a realistic way.
Similarly quantitative expression to the goals should be given to the
maximum extent possible.

8. Steps of
Planning
Establish planning premises:
The plans are being prepared for the future operation. Therefore it
is essential to make certain assumptions about the future. This is
called premising. Premises provide the basic framework for the
plans to operate.
There are two kinds of premises:
>> Internal premises: This includes policies and resources of the
organization, skills and attitudes of the people etc.

9. Steps of
Planning
Establish planning premises:
>> External premises: This includes all the influential factors in the
environment outside the organization such as technology changes,
government policies, general economic conditions, socio-cultural
changes, political stability, market conditions, availability of various
resources etc.

10. Steps of
Planning
Decide the planning period:
How far in the future should be covered in the plan? - this is the
most crucial questions to be answered. The earlier steps should
definitely help to take this decision.
Selecting the course of action from alternate options:
Most often it can be seen that same objective can be achieved
through different course of actions. Such reasonable alternatives
may be listed out and select the most logical one. The alternatives
may be evaluated in the light of the premises and the overall goals
of the organization.

11. Steps of
Planning
Preparation of Strategic Implementation Plan (SIP):
Strategic Implementation Plan is chiefly a sequential and logical
listing of all the above steps in a tabular form. It will give the listing
of objectives, actions with reference to objectives, target area,
implementation time, and monitoring system.

12. Steps of
Planning
Preparation of Detailed implementation Plan:
Based on the Strategic Implementation Plan (SIP), a detailed
implementation plan has to be prepared. It will be a derivative of
the SIP and should be split into Department/Unit implementation
plans with detailed activity/sub activity/sub sub activity narration,
outputs, outcomes, intermediate milestones, risk factors,
Monitoring & Evaluation System (M&E System )and budgeting.

14. The Management Cycle
The Monitoring and Evaluation System (M & E System) should be integrated within the
project management cycle.

15. Steps of
Planning
Preparation of Monitoring and Evaluation Plan:
Monitoring and Evaluation are crucial for the successful
implementation of any plan. Modern management thoughts say
that M&E should start from the very beginning of the planning
process itself, and go throughout the plan and complete after
completion of the plan.
M&E is a fast developing technique and its tools are highly related
to the nature and context of the business to be monitored and
evaluated. There for selection of appropriate method of M&E is
very important.

16. Steps of
Planning
Key points:
>> Planning is as old as mankind
>> Planning is a forward looking process
>> Eight important activities is sequence can be identified in an
ideal planning process

17. Thank
You!