APA-7th Edition Guidelines for citation.pptx

1. APA 7TH EDITION
GUIDELINES FOR CITATION
Agriculture Enterprise Learning Program-I
Group-1st
Roll numbers: 32,33,34,35,37,38,39,40,41,42

2. What is citation?
• Citation is a reference to the source of information used in the research.
• Anytime you directly quote, paraphrase or summarize the essential elements of someone else’s idea in
your work, an in-text citation should follow.
Why important?
• To give credit to the authors of the words or ideas that you incorporated in your paper.
• It allows those who are reading your work to locate your sources, in order to learn more about the
ideas that you included in your paper.
• It helps you to avoid committing plagiarism in your writing.
What is plagiarism?
• The practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them as of own words.
• Simply it means copying but in owns language.

3. What is APA?
American Psychological Association
APA style was originated in 1929, when a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and business
managers convened and sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or style rules, that would
codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension.
APA Style consists of rules or guidelines that a publisher observes to ensure clear and consistent
presentation of written material. It concerns uniform use of such elements as:
• selection of headings, tone, and length
• punctuation and abbreviations
• presentation of numbers and statistics
• construction of tables and figures
• citation of references and
• many other elements that are a part of a manuscript.

4. Basic setup
• Margins: use 1-in. margins on all sides of the page (top, bottom, left and right)
• Font: 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, 12-point Times New Roman, and 11-point Georgia.
• Line spacing: Use double spacing for the entire title page. Do not add blank lines before and after
headings. Do not add extra spacing between paragraphs.
• Paragraph alignment and indentation: Align paragraphs of the text to the left margin. Leave the right
margin ragged. Do not use full justification. Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5 in. using
the tab key or paragraph formatting function of your word processing program.
• Page numbers: put a page number on the top right corner of every page.
• Paper selection: Title page; Abstract; Introduction, Literature Review, Methods, Results and Findings,
Discussion; References.

6. • In October 2019, APA introduced the 7th edition of the APA publication manual which replaces the 6th
edition.
APA in-text citations
• It consists of author’s last name and the year of publication (also called as author-date system).
• If you are citing specific part of a source you should include such as page number or timestamp. Eg:
(Adhikari, 2021, p. 135)
Parenthetical citation: According to new research, …………..(Adhikari, 2021).
Narrative citation: Adhikari (2021) notes that …………
Direct quotes: for direct quotes of fewer than 40 words, use author-date citation system, include the page
number (p. or pp.) or other locator, and incorporate the quote into the paragraph. Eg:
i. Parenthetical: “A direct ………” (Adhikari, 2021, p. 135)
ii. Narrative: According to Adhikari (2021), “A direct ……..” (p. 135)

7. Block quotes: for more than 40 words, do not use quotation marks. Start the quotation in a new line
indented 0.5 in. from the left margin. Double space the block quotations. The parenthetical references
goes after the final period.
Multiple authors:
i. If the source has one or two authors, include the author’s name every time the source is cited. In
parenthetical citations, use an ampersand (&) between name of two authors to avoid ambiguity. Eg:
……………. (Poudel & Adhikari, 2020). In narrative citations, spell out the word “and”. Eg: Poudel
and Adhikari (2020) ……….
ii. If the source has three or more authors, then include the name of only the first author plus “et al.” (an
abbreviation of “et alia” which means “ and others”) in every citation. In parenthetical citations:
According to ……….(Poudel et al., 2020, p. 135). And in narrative citations: Poudel et al. (2020, p.
135) showed that……..

9. Avoiding ambiguity: Sometimes, multiple works with 3 or more authors and the same publication year
shorten to the same in-text citation, which creates ambiguity (more than one interpretation). To avoid this,
write as many names as needed to distinguish the references and abbreviate the rest of the names to “et
al.” in every citations.
Eg: the two works or sources have following authors:
i. Poudel, Adhikari, Thapa, Shrestha, and Shahi (2020)
ii. Poudel, Adhikari, Shrestha, Thapa, and Timsina (2020)
Both of these citations are shortened to Poudel et al. (2020).
But in order to avoid the ambiguity when citing them both in your work, cite them as follows:
i. Poudel, Adhikari, Thapa et al. (2020)
ii. Poudel, Adhikari, Shrestha et al. (2020)

10. But when only the final author is different, spell out the all names in citation.Eg:
Poudel, Adhikari, Shrestha, and Shahi (2020)
Poudel, Adhikari, Shrestha, and Timsina (2020)
Unknown authors: include title and year of publication.
Parenthetical: (“SRI Techniques”, 2020, p. 120)
Narrative: In 2020, “SRI Techniques” reported …… (p. 120)
Organization as authors: Name the organization and year of publication
According to International Society for Technology in Education (2022), …..
Parenthetical: (Nepal Agriculture Research Council [NARC], 2020)
Narrative: Nepal Agriculture Research Council [NARC],( 2020)

11. Same author and the same year: when multiple references or sources have identical author (or authors) and
publication year, include the letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year. This is called year-letter citation. The year-letter
combination is used in both in-text citation and reference list entry.
Eg: (Shrestha & Shahi, 2010a) or Shrestha and Shahi (2010a)
(Shrestha & Shahi, 2010b) or Shrestha and Shahi (2010b)
Arrange the alphabets (a, b, c, etc.) in the order the works appear in your reference list. The reference list is
arranged alphabetically by author, then by year, then titles. In above case, letters are assigned on basis of the
alphabetical arrange of titles on reference list.
Authors with same surname: ⁠If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname but have
different initials, include the first authors’ initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs.
Initials help avoid confusion within the text and help readers locate the correct entry in the reference list.
Eg: (J. M. Taylor & Neimeyer, 2015; T. Taylor, 2014)
If the authors have the same surname and the same initials, then you write out their given names in
full.
Eg: (James Taylor, 2015) and (John Taylor, 2015)

12. Souce that you haven’t read yourself:
Eg: when we haven’t read “hayes” which is cited in the source we read-”bell & waters” then in text
citation
Hayes (As cited in Bell & Waters, 2014, p. 183) stated that research focus groups…
Or research focus groups… (Hayes, 2000, as cited in Bell & Waters, 2014).

13. Citing a source multiple times in one paragraph: Introduce the source early in the paragraph , with the
author as a part of a sentence rather than in brackets i.e. apply the narrative citation. Eg: Timsina (2010, p.
100) describes several aspects of data gathering process.
Two or more works in same parenthetical citation: Place citations in alphabetical order, separating
them with semicolons. Eg: Though procedure differs ………… (Dahal & Gurung, 2019; Shahi et al.,
2010).
Citing a classical or religious books:
Parenthetical: (The Bhagavad Gita, 2007; King James Bible, 1976/2007)
Narrative: The Bhagavad Gita (2007) and King James Bible (1976/2007)

14. Online sources:
• If there is author, use author-date format. (Smith, 2010)
• If no author identified, use first few words of the title in place of author and place inside a double
notation marks. (“SRI Techniques”, 1994)
• If no date is provided, use “n.d.” in place of date. (“SRI Techniques”, n.d.)
• If the electronic/online sources do not have page numbers, use the paragraph numbers if available
precede by the abbreviation para. (Smith, 2010, para. 5)
• Do not site URL in the body of the essay/work. This information will be put in the reference list only.

15. Tables:
Number tables sequentially, e.g., Table 1, Table2, …
The title should be brief and explanatory. It should be easy to understand what information is contained in
the table from its title.
Tables should be labelled above the table and title is in italics and capitalised
Eg:
Table 1
Number of Cups of Coffee Consumed on a Daily Basis
Figure
Number figures sequentially, e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2, …
The title should be brief and explanatory
Figures should be labelled below the figure and t is in italics and capitalized
Example:
Figure 3
The Student Life Cycle

16. Note:
For citation of table and figure:
i. From journal/ book: From ‘ title of article”(p.10), by A.AAuthor and B.B Author et al., Year, Retrieved
from …..(link/URL)
ii. From website: From Title of Webpage, by A. A. Author and B. B. Author, Year or n.d., Site name
(URL).