This document discusses proper paraphrasing, quoting, and summarizing techniques when using other authors' work. It explains that paraphrasing involves putting an author's idea into your own words and citing the source, while a quotation uses the exact words in quotation marks. A summary should contain the main points from the author in a condensed form. Examples are provided to illustrate proper paraphrasing versus plagiarism. The document also reviews when to paraphrase, quote, or summarize and covers APA formatting guidelines.

2. Is This Plagiarism?
Copying a direct quotation into your paper,
placing quotation marks around it, and crediting
the source.
NO!
This is not plagiarism.

3. How About this?
Taking someone’s ideas or words, putting them
into your own words, and crediting the source.
NO!
This is not plagiarism.
It’s Paraphrasing!

5. What is paraphrasing
A paraphrase uses an author's idea, but expresses
it in your own words, without the use of
quotation marks.
Just changing a few words from the
original is plagiarism.
Paraphrasing is permitted as long
as you credit the source.

6. Examples of Paraphrasing
The original passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation [when] taking notes,
and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research]
paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript
should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you
should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source
materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers.
2nd ed. (1976): 46-47
A legitimate paraphrase:
In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep
quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually
originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material
recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

7. Examples cont.
An acceptable summary:
Students should take just a few notes in direct quotations
from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material
in a research paper (Lester 46-47).
A plagiarized version:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they
take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research
paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy
should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to
limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

8. The original passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation [when] taking notes,
and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research]
paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript
should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you
should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source
materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers.
2nd ed. (1976): 46-47
A plagiarized version:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they
take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research
paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy
should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to
limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

9. What is Quoting?
A quotation uses exactly the same words and
puts them in quotation marks.
- If the quotation is more than 2 lines you should put it
in a separate paragraph and indent it from both sides.
“Leprosy was eradicated in the west by the end of
medieval times” (Foucault, 1999).

10. 1. Quotations of fewer than 40 words
enclose in double quotation marks. Sometimes the
material you quote will itself contain text inside
quotation marks. In this case, use single quotation
marks within the double quotes.
Example:
Tehan (1993) argued that “short-term memory
decreases with age” (p. 112). It has been noted in the
literature that “manager role enactment is the ‘holy grail’
of communication” (Fox, 2001, p. 74)

11. 2. Quotations of more than 40 words
A long quotation should be set off as a separate block
of text, starting on a new line. The author and year of
publication should be included in introductory
sentence in your main text. The quoted block of text
is intended five spaces from the left margin, in the
same postion as a new paragraph.
Example:
Richardson (1969) described memory imagery as:
The common and relatively familiar imaginary
of everyday life. It may accompany the recall of
events from the past, the ongoing thought
processes of the present or the anticipatory...

12. 3. Quotations from web documents and web sites
Use the author –date citation method already described.
Include a page or paragraph number if available. If paragraph
numbers are visible, use either the paragraph symbol (¶) or
the abbreviation “para”.
Example:
The electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF 2001, para. 12) is “the
,
leading civil liberties organization working to protect rights in
the digital world. Founded in 1990, EFF actively encourages and
challenges industry and government to support free
expression, privacy and openness in the information society.
, ”

13. Or..
The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF 2001, ¶ 12)
,
is “the leading civil liberties organization working to
protect rights in the digital world. Founded in 1990, EFF
actively encourages and challenges industry and
government to support free expression, privacy and ,
openness in the information society. ”

14. What is a Summary?
A summary should contain the main points
from the author's text. Don't forget to
reference it with the author's family name,
date of publication and page number.

15. When Should I…
…Paraphrase? …Quote? …Summarize?
1. The author’s words will 1. Everything the author 1. Not all the author’s
be difficult for your reader writes is important words are necessary
to understand e.g. If the author gives
examples or explanations
that you don’t need to put
in your text
2. Your instructor/ lecturer 2. The quotation will not 2. If paraphrasing or quoting
wants to know if you make your text too long will make your text too long
understand the author
correctly
3. You haven’t used many
quotations already

16. Common Knowledge
Things that are considered “common knowledge”
do not need to be cited.
Examples:
-Canadian Confederation began in the year 1867.
-John A. Macdonald was Canada’s first Prime
Minister.
-William Shakespeare was born in England in the
16th Century.

17. Why are in-text citations is important?
 They acknowledge the original source of
information you have included in your work.
 Provide the information needed for the reader to
locate the original source, if it’s required.

18.  An in text citation must point clearly to a specific
source in References.
 The in text citations and the References list work
together.
 The in text citation, a brief reference to a work,
enables the reader to identify the source of an idea
quickly and easily. Knowing the author’s last name
(or the title) from the in text citation, a reader can
locate the complete publication information for that
work in the alphabetically arranged References list.

19. APA Formatting
• List only the resources to which you have specifically
referred, not those merely consulted
• Place the page of references at the end of your
assignment on a separate page titled References
• Use authors’ names in the order they appear on the title
page; do not alphabetize multiple authors of a source
• Invert authors’ names and include only initials of first and
middle names (i.e. Adam Smith becomes Smith, A.) Use
an ampersand (&) to connect two authors’ names (e.g.
Spacey, K., & Butler, G.)
• Use commas to separate authors and an ampersand for
the last author if there are three to six authors

20. Formatting cont.
• List the first six authors and then et al. if there are more
than six
• Begin the reference with the title of the work if no author
is given
• Arrange the list alphabetically; if there is no author and
the title begins with a, an, or the, alphabetize by the
second word
• Begin each entry with a hanging indent (first line begins at
the left margin and all other lines are indented ½ inch)
• Double space within and between entries in your list of
references
• Capitalize only the first word in the title and the first word
after a colon

21.  An in text citation must point clearly to a specific source
in References.
 The in text citations and the References list work
together.
 The in text citation, a brief reference to a work, enables
the reader to identify the source of an idea quickly and
easily. Knowing the author’s last name (or the title) from
the in text citation, a reader can locate the complete
publication information for that work in the
alphabetically arranged References list.

22. References
Burton, J. L. (2007). An Interactive Approach to Writing Essays and Research Reports in
Psychology 2nd Edition. Singapore: John willey & Sons Australia Ltd.
Documenting research sources using APA style. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://spark.mohawkcollege.ca/tutorials/PDFtutorials/APA_guide.pdf
You note it, you quote it. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://library.acadiau.ca/tutorials/plagiarism/
Helpful Fact Sheets. (n.d.) Retrieved from
http://www.mohawkcollege.ca/Discover/Help/CommCentre/helpfulFactSheets.html