This document discusses human behavior and various models that describe it. It describes Freud's psychoanalytic model which sees behavior as influenced by the unconscious and driven by the id, ego, and superego. It also discusses the existential model and stimulus-response, stimulus-organism-response, and stimulus-organism-behavior-accomplishment models of behavior. The S-O-B-A model views behavior as resulting from an interaction between the stimulus, organism, behavior, and accomplishments.

1. Human Behaviour
Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Dr. N.G.P. ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Bharathiar University, Coimbatore)
Approved by Government of Tamil Nadu and Accredited by NAAC with 'A' Grade (2nd Cycle)
Dr. N.G.P.- Kalapatti Road, Coimbatore-641048, Tamil Nadu, India
Web: www.drngpasc.ac.in | Email: info@drngpasc.ac.in | Phone: +91-422-2369100
RAJAKRISHNAN M
Assistant Professor in Commerce CA

2. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Behaviour - Meaning
Behaviour can be defined
as a response/s which is
observed
directly/indirectly.
Direct observation is
possible by studying the
responses of people to a
work environment.
Indirect observations are
decision making processes
and attitudes, in terms of
results or how people
describe them verbally.

3. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Models of Human Behaviour
Psychoanalytic Model:
Freudian approach depends on conflict model of humans.
By using clinical techniques of free association and psychotherapy Freud felt that
behaviour is not always consciously explained.
"Unconscious" is the major factor which guides the individual's behaviour.
Freud felt that the individual's behaviour depends on three factors: (i) id, (ii) Ego and (iii)
Super ego.

4. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Id
By Id it means
pleasure.
To certain degree
of having Id in an
individual is
constructive but
may also lead to
destructive
tendencies like
being aggressive,
dominating,
fighting and
generally destroy.
This kind of
instinctive is
more dominating
in childhood. But
once individuals
develop and
mature they
learn to control
the id.
But it is always
unconscious.
Throughout life
the `id' becomes
important source
of thinking and
behaving.

5. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Ego
Ego represents
`conscious' stage in
one's behaviour.
Though Id comes in
conflict with ego,
the ego depends
on the super ego.

6. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Superego
It represents "conscience".
An individual is not aware of the superego's functioning.
The conscience is dependent on two factors that is cultural values and moral of a society.
Superego's development depends mostly on parent's influence.
Once the child grows up the child will unconsciously identifies with parents value and
morals.

7. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Superego
There is always tussle between id, ego and superego. The degree of each of
them varies from person to person.
So the variations in individual's behaviour can be better understood with
the help of this model.
But the modern theories have severely criticised this theory as it is not
based on any empirical facts and as such it can not be accepted in totality.
But the concept of "unconscious" is a significant contribution in
understanding specific behaviour of humans.

8. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Existential Model
This model is not scientifically based. It's base is literature and philosophy.
The existentialists believe that the depersonalising effects of this environment forces individuals to make their own
destiny.
So the individuals shape their own identity and make their "existence" meaningful and worthwhile to themselves.
This is more true and happening in today's urbanisation. Because people have become so materialistic and busy,
they do not have time for traditional values and norms and it becomes impractical sometimes to follow them.
Existential model is, especially true when you are employed in today's world. Though this model is not scientific it
can be definitely be used in understanding human behaviour.

9. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Process of behaviour
S-R Model
S-R model of human behavior suggests that the behaviour is caused by certain reasons. The reasons may be internal feeling
(motivation) and external environment (stimulus).
A stimulus is an agent, such as, heat, light, piece of information, etc., that directly influences the activity of an organism
(person).
Without the stimulus there is no information to be handled by the internal processes prior to action taken by the person.
It implies that his behaviour is determined by the situation. Inherent in the situation are the environmental forces that shape
and determine his behaviour at any given moment. The entire situation has been traditionally described as stimulus response
(S-R) process

10. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Process of behaviour
This S-R model, however, does not give
the total concept of caused nature of
behaviour specially when the person
concerned plays an important role in
behaviour because behaviour is shaped
by his internal feelings also.
Thus, combination of stimulus-response
situation and human being will give
more comprehensive model of human
behaviour denoting that the situation
interacting with the human preceeds
and causes behaviour.

11. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Process of behaviour
S-R model
There is a direct relation between stimulus and response, that is why this process is called S-R process.
The basic drawback of this models is that organism or person is immobile and passive. Whereas in reality the person
concerned plays an important role in behaviour which is influenced by the internal feelings of the person. This model,
thus does not give a complete picture as to what caused the person to act in a particular way in a particular situation.

12. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Process of behaviour - S-O-R Model
S-O-R model of human behaviour is achieved by inserting O (organism) in the classical S-R model.
The S-O-R model is based upon the stimulus processed by the organism and followed by a behaviour.
This O is not passive and immobile as assumed in S-R model. Rather the O is viewed as mediating,
maintenance and adjective function between S and R. As a mediating function, the O is constantly active,
scanning its surroundings, monitoring its own actions, seeking certain conditions and avoiding others.
As a maintenance function, organs of O are responsible for its health and growth.

13. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Process of behaviour - S-O-R Model
There are three categories of maintenance organs-receptors (sense and
glands), connectors (nervous organs) and effectors (muscles and glands).
The adjustments function of the O monitors the person's activities so that he
can overcome obstacle and satisfy his needs.
Though the insertion of O in S-R model gives some recognition to the
importance to the human variables, it sill remains a relatively mechanistic and
simplistic approach and does not explain the complexity of human behaviour.

14. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Process of behaviour - S-O-B-A Model
S-O-B-A model is a comprehensive model of human behaviour which combines the S-R situation and
human being. But O in this model is not passive or immobile, but it is mediating, maintenance and
adjustive function between S and R.
The S in this model stands for stimulus or the external environmental situation. It includes light, heat,
sound, actions of supervisors or other aspects of environment to which a person is sensitive.
The stimulus is very comprehensive and all encompassing in nature. It stimulates the organism or
person in to action, interrupt what they are doing and help them to make their choices. The stimulus
incorporates all aspects of the environment-immediate stimulus, physical environment and socio-
cultural environment.

15. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Process of behaviour - S-O-B-A Model
The O in this model stands for the organism as the person. But this O does not stand for only the
physiological being but also it includes the process within the person, e.g., heredity, maturity,
knowledge, skills, values, perceptions, attitudes, personality and motivation. The double headed
arrow between S and O indicates the interaction between the situation and organism.
The B stands for behaviour. It includes both overt and covert behaviour such as body moments,
talking, facial expressions, emotions, sentiments and thinking. The response of organism
indicated by a single headed arrow is the behaviour. Behaviour is anything that a person does, it
is not something that is done to a person.
The A stands for accomplishments and consequences. When behaviour, in turn, acts on the
outside world, it leads to accomplishment as shown by single headed arrow. It is assumed that
the accomplishments may further change the stimulating conditions and thereby influence the
subsequent behaviour or it may create new stimulus leading to new behaviour.

16. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Process of behaviour - S-O-B-A Model
Since behaviour is influenced by the interaction of S with O, any change in S and O will definitely influence the
behaviour. It is manager's job to decide when to change the S and to change O. But one must analyse the conditions
carefully so that the changes introduced are in the right direction and do not give rise to worse problems.
Further, the same behaviour may have different causes. In order to adequately understand and evaluate the behaviour,
it is essential to determine which cause is involved in a particular instance.
The type of treatment of the S or of the O that will work in one cause may not work in another cause or even with the
same cause on different occasions. Similarly, the same cause may have many behaviours.

17. Dr. NGPASC
COIMBATORE | INDIA
Process of behaviour - S-O-B-C Model
S-O-B-C model incorporates a more complex mechanism of human behaviour which modifies and extends S-O-R model. In
this model, S stands for the situation which is more comprehensive than stimuli of S-O-R model and incorporates all
aspects of the environment - immediate stimulus, physical environment and socio-cultural environment.
O is the organism but does not only represent the physiological being as in the S-O-R model, but also the physiological
being which is more complex.
B stands for pattern of behaviour both overt and convert.
C stands for contingent consequences both overt and covert. Thus, this model of behaviour has significant departure from
earlier models of behaviour which have considered only overt aspects. In S-O-B-C model, behaviour takes place because
of the interaction of situation (S), organism (O), behaviour pattern (B) and consequences (C).

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