Present status of energy and its consumption level

1. Dr. D. Raja
Associate Professor
Department of EEE
SMVEC
EE06
POWER ELECTRONICS FOR RENEWABLE
ENERGY SYSTEM

2. Syllabus
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
• Environmental aspects of electric energy conversion: impacts of renewable energy
generation on environment (cost-GHG Emission) - Qualitative study of different renewable
energy resources:
• Solar, wind, ocean, Biomass, Fuel cell, Hydrogen energy systems and hybrid renewable
energy systems.
UNIT II ELECTRICAL MACHINES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY CONVERSION
• Review of reference theory fundamentals-principle of operation and analysis: IG, PMSG,
• SCIG and DFIG.
UNIT III POWER CONVERTERS
• Solar: Block diagram of solar photo voltaic system -Principle of operation: line commutated
converters (inversion-mode) - Boost and buck-boost converters- selection of inverter,
battery sizing, array sizing.
• Wind: three phase AC voltage controllers- AC-DC-AC converters: uncontrolled rectifiers,
• PWM Inverters, Grid Interactive Inverters-matrix converters.

3. Syllabus
UNIT IV ANALYSIS OF WIND AND PV SYSTEMS
• Stand alone operation of fixed and variable speed wind energy conversion systems
and solar system-Grid connection Issues -Grid integrated PMSG and SCIG Based
WECS-Grid Integrated solar system
UNIT V HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
• Need for Hybrid Systems- Range and type of Hybrid systems- Case studies of Wind-
PV Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques.
Text books:
• 1. Rashid .M. H “power electronics Hand book”, Academic press, 2001.
• 2. Rai. G.D, “Non conventional energy sources”, Khanna publishes, 1993.
• 3. Non-conventional Energy sources B.H.Khan Tata McGraw-hill Publishing
• Company, New Delhi.
References:
• 1. Rai. G.D,” Solar energy utilization”, Khanna publishes, 1993.
• 2. Gray, L. Johnson, “Wind energy system”, prentice hall linc, 1995.

4. Introduction and Present Status of Renewable Energies

5. Introduction
 As per the energy survey report , present level of fossil
fuel (coal, petroleum Products) might exhausted about
20 to 30 years ,so the researchers and scientists were
intensified to develop new technology to cater
the demands.
 Continuing concerns about the sustainability of both
fossil and nuclear fuels use have been a major catalyst
of renewed interest in the renewable energy sources in
recent decades. Ideally ,a sustainable energy sources is
one that is not depleted by continuous use

6. What is Renewable Energy?
“Energy obtained from the continuous or repetitive
currents of energy recurring in the environment”
-Twidell and Weir,1986

7. Energy Demands

8. How are energy needs
supplied?

12. Present Energy Resources
• Fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas are all of limited amounts. Cant
be replaced.
• Nuclear fuels -limited amounts of uranium for nuclear
fission reactors but reprocessing of fuel possible.
• Difficult to estimate how long these fuels will last - but is
it sustainable economically or environmentally?

13. How much energy is needed?
Energy Statistics for 2010
• 308,332 GWh of electricity was distributed to 29.068
million consumers.
– i.e. on average, each consumer used 10, 607 kwh of
electricity.
• In 2010, the total energy consumed in the domestic sector
of the india was 46,833 thousands tons of oil equivalent.
• Dividing this value by the number of consumers and
converting to kwh gives the average amount of energy used
per household as 18,737 kwh.

14. Renewable Energy
• What is renewable energy?
• What forms does it take?
• Why is it needed?
• Targets exist for renewable energy to generate 20%
by 2020!
• Can these be achieved?
• What forms of renewable energy will deliver these
targets?

16. Electricity Generation
by Renewables

17. Generating Capacity of Renewable
Plants

18. Renewable Energy
Utilisation

19. The List of
Renewable Resources
Wind, Wave and Hydro Power
Photovoltaics Active Solar Heating
Municipal and General Wastes
Landfill Gas Geothermal
Agricultural and Forestry Wastes
Energy Crops Fuel Cells
An energy crop is a plant grown as a low-cost and low-maintenance
harvest used to make biofuels, such as bioethanol, or combusted for its
energy content to generate electricity or heat.

20. Residential Solar Power
Using the sun to heat your home

21. Solar Radiation
• solar heating panels/passive
• solar power generation
• solar cells / photovoltaic cells

22. Solar cells
• convert light into a small electrical output -milliwatts output.
• need a bank/array of cells for useful output.
• cost of cells is high but reducing.
• efficiency of cells is up to 23%

23. Solar Panels
• are situated on roof of building.
• absorb heat in the form of radiation from sun.
• basically system is like a domestic central heating radiator
painted black/insulated.
• provides “topping up” of domestic hot water.

24. Photovoltaics on Buildings
• PV arrays, generating around
54kW (peak) with a total area
of 430m2, form the sloping
glazed roofs of the atrium
spaces in the four main
buildings.
• Ove Arup has designed the
system to match the annual
electricity demand of the
supply and extractor fans,
effectively providing zero-
energy ventilation systems.

25. Solar Roof tiles
(Solar Grants now available)
Integrated solar tiles installed by Solar Century
on a current development in Milton Keynes by
English partnership and Bloor homes
Roof mounted solar
panels (Solar
century)
Innovative SunSlates installation by
Solar century for Liang Homes

26. Photovoltaics
• In PV cells, sun’s energy powers a chemical
reaction -> electricity
• Commercial residential PV modules anywhere
from 10 to 300 watts
• Can be used en masse to create power plants
• Direct current generated must be inverted
into alternating current energy

27. Pollution Reduction
• Over 20 years, a 100-megawatt plant avoids 3
million tons of carbon dioxide.
• 1000 kWh of solar power saves:
– 8 pounds of sulfur dioxide
– 5 pounds of nitrogen oxide
– 1,400 pounds of carbon dioxide
1 pounds = 0.453592 kg

28. Map showing the solar radiation across India

29. Solar Power Potential
• If tropical India were to convert just 1% of the 5,000
trillion kilowatt-hour of solar radiation (or, simply,
sunlight) it receives a year into energy, the country will
have enough to meet its energy needs.
• In most parts of India, clear sunny weather is
experienced 250 to 300 days a year. The annual global
radiation varies from 1600 to 2200 kWh/sq.m. The
equivalent energy potential is about 6,000 million GWh
of energy per year.
• The highest annual global radiation is received in
Rajasthan and northern Gujarat.

30. Challenges Faced by Smart Grid
• Present Infrastructure is inadequate and requires
augmentation to support the growth of Smart Grids.
• Most renewable resources are intermittent and can
not be relied on (in its present form)for secure energy
supply
• Regulatory Policies to deal with consequences of Smart
Grid; like off peak, peak tariffs and other related
matters.
• Grid Operation : Monitoring & control

31. Expensive!
• 5-kW systems can cost up to Rs. 2 00,000!
• Over 30 states offer incentives
– Gujarath is the leader in encouraging solar power
use

32. Wind Energy
Fastest Growing Source of Renewable
Energy

33. History and Definition
• First use as early as
5000 B.C.
• First used to generate
electricity in Denmark
as early as 1890.
• Now, wind-generated
electricity is very close
in cost to the power
from conventional
utility generation in
some locations.
•Wind is a form of solar
energy.
•Caused by uneven
heating of atmosphere by
the Sun, irregularities of
the Earth’s surface, and
rotation of the Earth.
•The amount and speed
of wind depends on the
Earth’s terrain and other
factors.

34. Wind Turbines

35. Windpower
• Each wind turbine can produce between 1/4 and
2 MW of electrical power.
• Wind farm needs to be located where there is a
relatively high average wind speed.

36. Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine

37. Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine

39. • Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main
rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a
tower, and must be pointed into the wind.
• Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main
rotor shaft arranged vertically. Key advantages of this
arrangement are that the turbine does not need to
be pointed into the wind to be effective

40. Offshore Wind Turbines

41. Offshore Wind Cluster Features
• Larger average wind speed than onshore
• Easier planning consent
• Technical expertise exists from oil rig experience
• Suitable location

42. Advantages and Disadvantages
• Wind is free, wind
farms need no fuel.
• Produces no waste or
greenhouse gases.
• The land beneath can
usually still be used
for farming.
• Wind farms can be
tourist attractions.
• A good method of
supplying energy to
remote areas.
•Not always
predictable.
•Price of land.
•Can kill birds -
migrating flocks tend
to like strong winds.
•Can affect television
reception if you live
nearby.
•Noisy. A wind
generator makes a
constant, low noise
day and night.

43. Wind Generation Potential in
INDIA

44. Wind Speed: 6.0 m/s
Wind Speed: 6.4 m/s
Wind Speed: 7.0 m/s
Wind Speed: 7.5 m/s
Wind Speed: 8.0m/s
The wind power
potential on a national
level, base data
collected from 10
states considering only
1% of land availability,
is around 46,092 MW.
Wind Power Potential

45. Estimated Wind Power Potential India
State Gross Potential
(MW)
Andhra Pradesh 9063
Gujrat 7362
Karnatka 7161
Kerala 1026
Madhya Pradesh 4978
Maharashtra 4519
Orissa 1520
Rajasthan 6672
Tamil nadu 4159
West Bengal 32
Total 46092

46. Hydroelectric Power

47. History and Basics
• The earliest reference
from 4th century BC
Greek literature.
“hydro” comes from the
Greek word for “water.”
• By 1980, accounted for
5% of total world
energy use about 2,044
billion kilowatt hours
(kWh).
•Water flows from a high
potential energy (high
ground) to lower potential
energy (lower ground), the
potential energy difference
is partially converted into
electric energy through the
use of a generator.
•
•There are two major
designs in use that utilize
water to produce electricity

49. Hydroelectric Dam
• Advantages:
– The energy is virtually
free.
– No waste or pollution
– Reliable
– Can cope with peaks in
demand.
– Can increase to full
power very quickly,
unlike other power
stations.
– Electricity can be
generated constantly.
•Disadvantages:
–Expensive to
build.
–Environmental
concerns upstream
and downstream

51. Pumped-Storage Plant
• Advantages:
– Little effect on the landscape.
– No pollution or waste.
• Disadvantages
– Expensive to build.
– Once it's used, you can't use it again until you've
pumped the water back up.

52. Geothermal
Exploiting Earth’s temperatures to produce
electricity and heat our homes.

53. Direct Heating vs Generating Electricity
• Immediate, usable energy
• Can heat buildings or entire
areas
– Relatively warm air in
winter
– Warm water piped under
streets in Klamath Falls,
OR melts snow
• Same principle of relative
temperatures allows for
cooling of buildings in
summer
•Different types of
plants depending on
geothermal area
–Hot water/steam
–Not-so-hot water
•Using steam directly
to spin turbine
•“Flashing” steam to
spin turbine

54. Advantages
• Reliability – the Earth’s heat provides a constant source of
energy
• Low impact on environment
• Depletion of water
– Re-injecting water
– Earthquakes…should plants be responsible?
• Heat depletion
– Natural cooling of Earth’s outer layer cannot be avoided
– Plants become less and less efficient
• Economics
– Building costs: $1175-1750 per kW installed capacity
– Geothermal areas aren’t always near electricity grids…
Disadvantages

55. GEO THERMAL ENERGY
Natural steam from the production wells power the
turbine
generator. The steam is condensed by evaporation in the
cooling
tower and pumped down an injection well to sustain
production.

56. Like all steam turbine generators, the force of
steam is used to spin the turbine blades which
spin the generator, producing electricity. But with
geothermal energy, no fuels are burned.

57. Turbine blades inside a geothermal turbine generator.

58. Turbine generator outdoors at an
Imperial Valley geothermal power plant
in California.

61. DRY STEAM POWER PLANT
In dry steam power plants, the steam (and no water) shoots
up the wells and is passed through a rock catcher (not shown
and then directly into the turbine. Dry steam fields are rare.

62. THE GEYSERS
CALIFORNIA
The first geothermal power plants in the U.S. were built in
1962 at The Geysers dry steam field, in northern California.
It is still the largest producing geothermal field in the world.

63. 20 plants are still operating at The Geysers. Wastewater
from nearby cities is injected into the field, providing
environmentally safe disposal and increased steam to
power plants.

64. • Flash steam power plants use hot water
reservoirs. In flash plants, as hot water is
released from the pressure of the deep
reservoir in a flash tank, some of it flashes to
steam.
FLASH STEAM POWER PLANT

65. Flash technology was invented in New Zealand.
Flash steam plants are the most common, since
most reservoirs are hot water reservoirs. This
flash steam plant is in East Mesa, California.

66. In a binary cycle power plant (binary means
two), the heat from geothermal water is
used to vaporize a "working fluid" in
separate adjacent pipes. The vapor, like
steam, powers the turbine generator.

67. In the heat exchanger, heat is transferred from the
geothermal water to a second liquid. The geothermal
water is never exposed to the air and is injected back
into the periphery of the reservoir.

68. This power plant provides about 25% of
the electricity used on the Big Island of
Hawaii. It is a hybrid binary and flash plant.

73. Geothermal power could serve 100% of the electrical
needs of 39 countries (over 620,000,000 people) in
Africa, Central/ South America and the Pacific.

74. In India
• Raipur: Chhattisgarh government has decided to
establish the first Geothermal Power Plant of the
country in the newly formed Balrampur district of
the state.
• "State government has granted permission for the
installation of a Geothermal Power Plant at Tattapani
area of the Balrampur district to the NTPC. It will be
first Geothermal Power Plant of the country,"

75. Biomass Fuels

76. Solid Fuel Combustion
• Combustion of biomass instead of coal tends
to be cleaner and helps eliminate waste
efficiently
• Products burned are usually wood matter,
vegetation, waste from lumber yards, etc
(cellulosic)

77. Digestion
• Occurs naturally - bacteria feed on
decomposing waste
• Releases gases like methane,
hydrogen, CO, etc
• Pipelines running thru waste collect
gases (landfills, feedlots, zoos)
• Synthesis gases can become any
kind of hydrocarbon fuel.

78. Biomass
• cycle of sunlight - photosynthesis - plant growth - absorption
of CO2 - emission of O2.
• combustion of wood - heat
• some plants - alcohol
• decomposition - methane/landfill gas/fuel for heating.

79. Biomass Plant
Plant burns poultry litter
and produces 10MW of
electricity and fertiliser
Fluidised bed boiler
ensures efficient burning
and low emissions

80. Landfill Gas
– Landfill gas, Dorset, England
1MW generator at
Buckden- Biogas
Association

81. ARBRE is the first commercial
wood-burning plant of its
type in Europe.
It produces enough electricity
for 33,000 people from clean
and sustainable wood fuel
sources.
The plant has a 10MW
electricity generating capacity
and 8MW is exported to the
local grid.
The fuel for the plant is wood
chips from forestry and short
rotation coppice.
Woodburning Electricity
Generation

82. Short rotation coppice harvesting for ARBRE wood-fuelled power
station. As trees grow they store energy from the sun in their
biomass. At ARBRE’s power plant the energy stored in the
biomass is converted to electricity.
Coppice harvesting
First Renewables
Ltd

83. Straw Burning Power
Plant
– Elean Power station near Ely,Cambridgeshire generates
36MW of electricity and is the worlds largest such facility. It
supplies 80,000 homes with electricity.
Lorry leaving
plant after
delivering straw

84. Ocean Energies
Waves, tides, ocean currents, ocean
thermal energy

85. General Information
• 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by oceans
• Huge potential: “a mere .1% of total energy potential
in oceans would satisfy all of mankind’s energy needs
five times over.”

86. Tidal Power
• Damming estuaries, water flows through turbines
– One method: ebb generation
– High and low tides are very predictable
– Can only produce electricity at certain times
• Not many places in the world where it’s efficient
– 5-10 meter difference between high and low tides
• High costs to build deters private investors
• Negative impact on estuarine ecosystems

87. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
• Hawaii can exploit this technology because of its location near
the equator
• Sun heats water to depths of 100 meters to temperatures
around 24-30 degrees Celsius
– Flashing into steam
– Cold water from deeper in ocean condenses the steam, produces
desalinated water!
• OTEC can serve much of Hawaii’s energy needs, but not really
any of the neighboring United States

88. Conclusions
Main contributors to this target will be :-
1) Offshore and Onshore
windfarms/clusters
2) Biomass/wood, straw, etc
3) Photovoltaic

89. THANK YOU